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Acest articol va apela la un cadru cronologic, o desfășurareistorică a evenimentelor pe plan politic ce au avut loc în timpul pontificatului luiPius al IX-lea, dar și impactul lor asupra societății italiene și a celei europene și modificările teritoriale din acest răstimp. Primul subcapitol va reda primii ani depontificat ai lui Pius. Al doilea subcapitol va trata perioada începută la Gaeta, înexil, și până la unificarea Italiei, în 1861, an în care Statele Papale își pierdaproape întreg teritoriul, cu excepția Latiumului și a Cetății Eterne. Subcapitolulcu numărul trei va trata problemele pontificatului lui Pius al IX-lea în deceniulșapte al secolului, ani în care Italia unificată face presiuni continue pentru aocupa Roma și a o declara capitala Regatului italian. Ultima parte a primuluicapitol reprezintă o scurta analiză a ultimei confruntări purtate de Pius al IX-lea:duelul cu cancelarul german Bismarck, promotorul unei politici anticlericalefoarte dure pe care va fi silit s-o abandoneze după moartea lui Pius.

In the last couple of years, the EU's foreign policy was mainly directed towards two regions: the Balkans and the Eastern neighborhood. However, the means and the ends of the EU's approach were in a sharp contrast. While the Balkan countries witnessed a more straightforward and coherent path towards the EU, the Eastern neighborhood had a different experience. Aiming to avoid future cleavages, the EU developed in 2004 the European Neighborhood Policy. But following Romania and Bulgaria' s accession in the EU, there was still the need for a more comprehensive approach toward the Eastern neighbourhood. Therefore, at the Polish and Swedish overture, the EU inaugurated the Eastern Partnership program which comprises of six ex-Soviet countries. However, the Vilnius Summit was not as effective as it was expected. Instead, it has failed to address the major issues on the agenda. Considering these aspects, this paper asserts that the EU's gaps in its approach toward the Eastern neighbourhood where mainly determined by systemic incentives and constraints as polarity and ordering principle. After laying out the core arguments, the paper will further develop possible future dynamics concerning the fate of the EU Eastern neighbourhood in the aftermath of the Vilnius Summit.

We use panel data on Mexican manufacturing plants to study the connection between plants' responses to changes in the economic environment and their contributions to aggregate productivity growth in the period following the implementation of the North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In all industries, an overwhelming share of aggregate productivity growth is accounted for by a small number of plants which were larger and more productive before the implementation of NAFTA and expanded and became more productive following the implementation of NAFTA. Plants that exported before NAFTA and export continuously through 2000 and some of the new exporters are more likely to be among the top-performing plants. Exporting activity and performance of plants with similar exporting experience, however, display remarkable heterogeneity. This heterogeneity implies that trade liberalization provided growth opportunity to larger and more productive plants irrespective of their export status and provides an explanation for the lackluster average productivity performance of exporting plants. -- NAFTA ; trade liberalization ; productivity ; heterogeneity of plant-level performance