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In the early 21st century, the foreign policy of the United States (US) towards Iraq was intensifi ed and certain American national interests and strategic goals were pursued in this area. The article analyses three groups of objectives: political, economic and geostrategic (military), which, with varying levels of intensity, the US government pursued in Iraq during that period. At the same time, the author focuses not only on the declared goals but also on those actually implemented. She outlines the main US national interests (divided into vital, very important, important and secondary interests) that determine its goals and strategies. Finally, the effects of the US strategic goals in Iraq are referred to, showing which actions have brought the expected results, and which have not been very effective.

This article is an overview of the main definitional and argumentative problems of the debate on democracy. The paper presents not only the complexity of the concept of democracy, but also analyzes the main arguments in the discussion of the fundamental principles on which modern states base their activities. In addition, reference was made to indicators of the quality of democracy, based on the latest Freedom House reports: "Freedom in the world 2022" and Economist Group: "Democracy Index 2021,"which are used to measure the level of democracy in individual countries, while showing the progressive trends of retreat from democracy in various regions around the world. The purpose of this article was to systematize knowledge in the area of the main definitional and argumentative problems of the debate on democracy and democratic principles, while confirming the thesis that the political system of a country is democratic to the extent to which the fundamental principles characteristic of democratic countries in the form of the sovereignty of the people, political pluralism, separation of powers and the rule of law are implemented in it. At the same time, in the 21st century, we can observe the intensification of a dangerous trend – an instrumental approach to the implementation of democratic principles and the misuse of the word "democracy", which has become a useful slogan that helps pursue political and economic interests.

Globalization of torture – secret CIA prisons around the world A report published in December 2014 by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence sparked enormous excitement and discussion on many levels: legal, ethical, political. It confirmed information that had appeared in the media many years earlier. The purpose of this article is to analyze the key points of view on programs connected with the war on terror: CIA secret detention and extraordinary rendition, and the enhanced interrogation techniques. Important in this discussion is the formal presentation of "black sites," which were facilitated by President George W. Bush and his associates. Analysis of the report of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence casts a shadow on the anti‑terrorism activities carried out by the CIA, and raises many questions: how far have Americans gone in violating international law, on the grounds of providing safety? Why, despite the low efficiency of secret CIA programs, were they continued? Last but not least, the rhetorical question is: will "world policeman" rise to the task and prosecute those responsible for the torture of people?

The "Freedom Agenda" of President George W. Bush for the Middle East assumed that the liberation of Iraq from the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein and the start of political change would trigger the process of democratization of the entire region. Encouraged by financial and economic support, Arab countries should have been willing to implement political and educational support, which would lead to the creation of civil society and grass-roots political changes initiated by society itself. A number of mistakes made by the Bush administration in Iraq has not only caused the mission of the democratization of Iraq to be a failure, but also influenced the situation that today Iraq is closer to being a failed state than a democracy.

Prezydencką kampanię wyborczą w 2008 r. zdominowały dwie kwestie – polityka zagraniczna i rosnący deficyt budżetowy. Zapowiedź Baracka Obamy o całkowitym odwrocie od agresywnej polityki poprzednika okazała się skuteczną taktyką, umożliwiającą mu wygranie wyborów prezydenckich. Od tej pory supermocarstwo zamiast siły militarnej miało wykorzystywać dialog i dyplomację. Odnowienie wizerunku USA na świecie wymagało od prezydenta Obamy odejścia od polityki zagranicznej opartej na hard power, samodzielnych, prewencyjnych i jednostronnych działaniach, na rzecz bliskiej współpracy z innymi uczestnikami stosunków międzynarodowych.

The "Freedom Agenda" of President George W. Bush for the Middle East assumed that the liberation of Iraq from the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein and the start of political change would trigger the process of democratization of the entire region. Encouraged by financial and economic support, Arab countries should have been willing to implement political and educational support, which would lead to the creation of civil society and grass-roots political changes initiated by society itself. A number of mistakes made by the Bush administration in Iraq has not only caused the mission of the democratization of Iraq to be a failure, but also influenced the situation that today Iraq is closer to being a failed state than a democracy.

Abstract: The presidential election campaign in 2008 was dominated by two issues – foreign policy and the growing budget deficit. Barack Obama's announcement of a complete reversal of the aggressive policy of his predecessor proved to be an effective tactic, allowing him to win the presidential election. From this point on, instead of military force, the superpower was to use dialogue and diplomacy. Renewal of the US image in the world required from Obama the ending of foreign policy based on hard power, preventive and unilateral action, in favor of close cooperation with other participants in international relations. ; Prezydencką kampanię wyborczą w 2008 r. zdominowały dwie kwestie – polityka zagraniczna i rosnący deficyt budżetowy. Zapowiedź Baracka Obamy o całkowitym odwrocie od agresywnej polityki poprzednika okazała się skuteczną taktyką, umożliwiającą mu wygranie wyborów prezydenckich. Od tej pory supermocarstwo zamiast siły militarnej miało wykorzystywać dialog i dyplomację. Odnowienie wizerunku USA na świecie wymagało od prezydenta Obamy odejścia od polityki zagranicznej opartej na hard power, samodzielnych, prewencyjnych i jednostronnych działaniach, na rzecz bliskiej współpracy z innymi uczestnikami stosunków międzynarodowych.

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; Wygrana Donalda Trumpa w wyborach prezydenckich w 2016 r. zwiastowała diametralny zwrot w polityce zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa USA. Zmianie miały ulec relacje transatlantyckie, polityka supermocarstwa wobec NATO i Unii Europejskiej. Pomimo że sojusznicy USA w Europie zakładali, że kampania wyborcza rządzi się innymi prawami niż faktycznie rządzenie państwem, więc Donald Trump po przejęciu władzy nie zrealizuje swoich najbardziej kontrowersyjnych obietnic, to wypowiedzi przywódców mocarstw europejskich były pełne obaw. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza współpracy pomiędzy Stanami Zjednoczonymi i Unią Europejską po wyborach prezydenckich w 2016 r. Analizie poddano przy tym współpracę polityczną i w zakresie bezpieczeństwa, odnosząc się do decyzji i działań nie tylko nowego prezydenta USA, ale również poprzednich administracji amerykańskich, w celu pokazania pewnych tendencji, elementów wspólnych i odmiennych. ; Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election signaled a diametric turn in US foreign and security policy. This change concerns transatlantic relations and the policies of the superpower towards NATO and the European Union. US allies in Europe assumed that during the electoral campaign different rules were being applied than those to be used in governing the nation. They assumed that Donald Trump would not deliver on his most controversial promises. Nevertheless, many of the statements made by the leaders of European nations were full of fear and uncertainty. The purpose of this article is to study the kind of cooperation occurring between the United States and the European Union after the 2016 presidential election. Political and security cooperation has been analyzed in this regard, comparing the decisions and actions of the new US president to those of the previous US administration, in order to highlight certain tendencies, those that are common and those that are not.

Zacieśnianie współpracy politycznej, wojskowej i gospodarczej pomiędzy Chinami oraz Rosją zostało przyjęte przez Stany Zjednoczone w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku z dużym niepokojem, jako zagrożenie dla interesów narodowych i pozycji międzynarodowej supermocarstwa. Ze względu na słabnącą pozycję Moskwy w systemie międzynarodowym oraz pogarszające się relacje z Zachodem, w interesie Kremla było znalezienie silnego sojusznika, posiadającego zbliżone przedsięwzięcia i cele. Utworzenie chińsko-rosyjskiego tandemu ośmieliło Moskwę do prowadzenia jeszcze bardziej zdecydowanej i kategorycznej polityki wobec Zachodu. Stosunki amerykańsko-rosyjskie uległy przy tym znacznemu pogorszeniu do tego stopnia, że dziś stawiane jest pytanie: czy świat stoi w obliczu nowej "zimnej wojny"? Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza polityki bezpieczeństwa USA wobec Rosji w XXI wieku, w kontekście zacieśniania współpracy rosyjsko-chińskiej; przedstawienie współpracy na linii Waszyngton–Moskwa podczas rządów trzech ostatnich prezydentów USA oraz czynników mających wpływ na pogorszenie stosunków pomiędzy państwami. Słowa kluczowe: Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki, Rosja, Chiny, bezpieczeństwo, Donald Trump, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, stosunki międzynarodowe ; The strengthening of political, military and economic cooperation between China and Russia has been a cause for concern for the United States in the second decade of the twentyfirst century, who view it as a threat to national interests and to the international position of the superpower. Due to Moscow's weakening position in the international system and deteriorating relations with the West, it was in the Kremlin's interest to fi nd a strong ally with similar interests and goals. The creation of a Chinese-Russian front has emboldened the Moscow authorities to pursue an even more decisive and categorical policy towards the West. American-Russian relations have significantly deteriorated, to such an extent that there is a need to pose the question: is the world facing a new "Cold War"? The purpose of this article is to analyze US security policy towards Russia in the twentyfi rst century in the context of closer Russian-Chinese cooperation, as well as present the level of cooperation on the Washington-Moscow line during the rule of the last three US presidents and the factors aff ecting the deterioration of relations between the two states. Key words: United States of America, Russia, China, security, Donald Trump, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, international relations

The purpose of this article is to analyze US foreign policy under the new White House administration and to present the most important aspects of Trump's emerging doctrine, with the aim of answering the following questions: what are the goals and tenets of, and the measures to implement, the foreign policy outlined in the new US National Security Strategy? Which trends can be considered dominant in Trump's emerging doctrine? What challenges and threats to international security were mentioned in the document? Do traditional US allies still play an important role in the superpower's security strategy? The thesis of this paper is that political realism is the main trend in Trump's emerging doctrine and that US foreign policy has taken a unilateral course, with a large dose of populism.

The purpose of this article is to analyze US foreign policy under the new White House administration and to present the most important aspects of Trump's emerging doctrine, with the aim of answering the following questions: what are the goals and tenets of, and the measures to implement, the foreign policy outlined in the new US National Security Strategy? Which trends can be considered dominant in Trump's emerging doctrine? What challenges and threats to international security were mentioned in the document? Do traditional US allies still play an important role in the superpower's security strategy? The thesis of this paper is that political realism is the main trend in Trump's emerging doctrine and that US foreign policy has taken a unilateral course, with a large dose of populism. ; Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza polityki zagranicznej USA za rządów nowej administracji Białego Domu; przedstawienie najważniejszych założeń kształtującej się doktryny Trumpa, co ma umożliwić odpowiedź na następujące pytania badawcze: jakie cele, założenia i środki realizacji polityki zagranicznej wyznaczono w nowej Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego USA? jaki nurt można uznać za dominujący w kształtującej się doktrynie Trumpa? jakie wyzwania i zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego wymieniono w dokumencie? czy tradycyjni sojusznicy USA nadal zajmują ważne miejsce w strategii bezpieczeństwa supermocarstwa? Teza artykułu zawiera się w zdaniu, iż dominującym nurtem w kształtującej się doktrynie Trumpa jest realizm polityczny, polityka zagraniczna USA przy tym obiera kurs unilateralny, z dużą dawką populizmu.

This article describes the first months of Donald Trump's presidency. It presents his most important decisions on U.S. foreign and security policy, the voices of those critical and supportive of him, and possible implications for U.S. security. Even during his election campaign, some of Trump's proposals raised concerns among the international community and many questions about past alliances. He has announced the introduction of laws for the immediate removal of illegal immigrants from the United States, and the reintroduction of torture as a tool for fighting terrorism. He has criticized the current policy of cooperation with allies, and the provision of security to other countries at the expense of the United States. The decisions made during Donald Trump's first 100 days affect the internal situation of the United States, both in the context of national security and the political system, due to the emerging constitutional crisis and the friction between the executive and the judiciary branches. His decisions also affect relations between the United States and its allies, transforming America's role in the world and the impact of the superpower on the collective system of security.

This article describes the first months of Donald Trump's presidency. It presents his most important decisions on U.S. foreign and security policy, the voices of those critical and supportive of him, and possible implications for U.S. security. Even during his election campaign, some of Trump's proposals raised concerns among the international community and many questions about past alliances. He has announced the introduction of laws for the immediate removal of illegal immigrants from the United States, and the reintroduction of torture as a tool for fighting terrorism. He has criticized the current policy of cooperation with allies, and the provision of security to other countries at the expense of the United States. The decisions made during Donald Trump's first 100 days affect the internal situation of the United States, both in the context of national security and the political system, due to the emerging constitutional crisis and the friction between the executive and the judiciary branches. His decisions also affect relations between the United States and its allies, transforming America's role in the world and the impact of the superpower on the collective system of security. ; Artykuł opisuje pierwsze miesiące prezydentury Donalda Trumpa. Przedstawia jego najważniejsze decyzje w zakresie polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa USA, głosy krytyczne i wspierające oraz ewentualne implikacje dla bezpieczeństwa USA. Już podczas kampanii wyborczej niektóre propozycje Trumpa wywoływały niepokój społeczności międzynarodowej i wiele pytań w kontekście dotychczasowych sojuszy. Zapowiedział m.in. wprowadzenie rygorystycznych przepisów w prawie emigracyjnym, niezwłoczną deportację nielegalnych imigrantów z USA, przywróceniem tortur jako narzędzia walki z terrorystami, podważał ponadto dotychczasową politykę współpracy z sojusznikami, kwestionując dążenie do zapewniania bezpieczeństwa innym krajom na koszt USA. Podjęte podczas pierwszych 100 dni urzędowania Donalda Trumpa decyzje wpływają nie tylko na sytuację wewnętrzną USA, zarówno w kontekście bezpieczeństwa kraju, jak i systemu politycznego, ze względu na rodzący się kryzys konstytucyjny i tarcia pomiędzy władzą wykonawczą i sądowniczą. Jego decyzje wpływają również na stosunki pomiędzy USA i ich sojusznikami oraz przekształcają rolę Stanów Zjednoczonych w świecie i wpływ supermocarstwa na system zbiorowego bezpieczeństwa.