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American constitutional law has undergone a transformation. Issues once left to the people have increasingly become the province of the courts. Subjects as diverse as abortion rights and firearms regulations, health care reform and counterterrorism efforts, not to mention a millennial presidential election, are more and more the domain of judges. What sparked this development? In this engaging volume, Judge J. Harvie Wilkinson argues that America's most brilliant legal minds have launched a set of cosmic constitutional theories that, for all their value, are undermining self-governance. Thinker

1 Introduction -- Nomenclature of multiple forms of enzymes. Numbering of isoenzymes -- 2 Techniques for the Separation of Isoenzymes -- Preparation of materials for isoenzyme separation. Electrophoretic techniques: general considerations; paper electrophoresis; starch-block electrophoresis; cellulose acetate electrophoresis; agar-gel electrophoresis; starch-gel electrophoresis; polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; column electrophoresis; iso-electric focusing. Chromatographic techniques:ion-exchange celluloses. Gel filtration -- 3 Detection and Determination of Isoenzymes -- Elution techniques: NAD- and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases; esterases; peroxidases. Detection of isoenzymes in electrophoretic media: 'enzymoelectrophoresis'; tetrazoliumstaining techniques; 'nothing dehydrogenase' effect; staining techniques for esterases -- 4 The Chemical Nature of Isoenzymes -- Sub-unit structure: lactate dehydrogenase; creatine kinase;aldolase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; tryptophan synthetase; catalase; caeruloplasmin. Presence of charged groups in isoenzyme molecules: alkaline phosphatase. Polymerization as the source of enzyme heterogeneity: cholinesterases; amylase. Conformational isomerism: malate dehydrogenase. Differences in amino-acid sequence -- 5 Enzyme Multiplicity in the Glycolytic Pathway and the Pentose—Phosphate Cycle -- Hexokinase: detection of hexokinase after zone electrophoresis; hexokinase isoenzymes in the erythrocyte; hexokinase in other tissues. Phosphoglucomutase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: demonstration of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase heterogeneity; chemical structure and properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; genetic variants of human erythrocytic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase heterogeneity in other tissues. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: heterogeneity in human erythrocytes; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in other species; structure of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Phosphoglucose isomerase. Aldolase: classification of the aldolases;electrophoretic studies; fructose 1-phosphate aldolase. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. ?-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase). Pyruvate kinase -- 6 Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes -- Distribution. Chemical and kinetic properties: substrate specificities and affinities; effect of pH variation; effects of inhibitors; reactions with coenzyme analogues; effect of temperature. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in developing tissues. Genetic variants of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Diagnostic applications of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes:myocardial infarction; liver diseases; malignant diseases;diseases of muscle; diseases of joints: anaemia; pregnancy;renal diseases; non-electrophoretic diagnostic techniques:serum 2-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in diagnosis; relative heat-stability test; solvent-precipitation techniques; selective absorption techniques. Summary -- 7 Multiple Molecular Forms of Other Oxidoreductases -- Malate dehydrogenase: mitochondrial and supernatant malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; biological significance of malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in mammalian tissues; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in insect development; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of the chicken embryo. Isocitrate dehydrogenase: isocitrate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in heart and liver diseases. Glutamate dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase: alcohol dehydrogenases of insects; avian alcohol dehydrogenases; alcohol dehydrogenases in mammalian liver; alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in plants. Xanthine dehydrogenase. Miscellaneous dehydrogenases -- 8 Aminotransferase (Transaminase) Isoenzymes -- Separation of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Properties of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Clinical applications of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in developing tissues. Alanine aminotransferase -- 9 Phosphatase Isoenzymes -- Alkaline phosphatase: distribution, paper electrophoresis; starch-block electrophoresis; agar-gel electrophoresis; starchgel electrophoresis; acrylamide-gel electrophoresis; electrophoresis on Sephadex G-200; cellulose acetate electrophoresis; ion-exchange chromatography; properties of alkaline phosphatases; substrate affinities; effects of inhibitors; heat inactivation; effect of neuraminidase; summary of catalytic properties of tissue alkaline phosphatases; immunochemical reactions; genetic studies; alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in bacteria. Acid phosphatase; electrophoretic separation; chromatographic investigations; genetic variants of human acid phosphatases -- 10 Multiple Forms of Esterases -- Aliesterases: genetic variations of non-specific esterases; ontogenetic observations. Cholinesterases: plasma cholinesterases; genetic polymorphism of serum cholinesterases; Cholinesterase isoenzymes in other species. Arylesterases:serum arylesterases; tissue esterases. Esterases and isoenzymes -- 11 Miscellaneous Enzymes -- Arylamidase: arylamidase isoenzymes in man; arylamidases in other species. Alanine aminopeptidase. Creatine kinase: creatine kinase isoenzymes. Arginine kinase. Caeruloplasmin (copper oxidase). Catalase. Carbonic anhydrase. Amylase: serum and tissue amylases; urinary amylase; macroamylasaemia. Other enzymes occurring in multiple forms: glycogen Phosphorylase; adenylate kinase; adenosine deaminase; tyrosinase; ribonuclease; deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase; peroxidase; hyaluronate lyase (hyaluronidase); ?-glycosidases -- 12 The Biological Significance of Isoenzymes -- Author Index.