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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Summary of Contents -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Global Outlook -- Summary -- Global context -- Pandemic developments -- Global trade -- Commodity markets -- Global inflation and financial developments -- Major economies: Recent developments and outlook -- Advanced economies -- China -- Emerging market and developing economies -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Per capita income growth, poverty, and inequality -- Global outlook and risks -- Global outlook -- Risks to the outlook -- Policy challenges -- Key global challenges -- Challenges in advanced economies -- Challenges in emerging market and developing economies -- References -- Special Focus: Resolving High Debt after the Pandemic: Lessons from Past Episodes of Debt Relief -- Introduction -- Lessons from past debt resolutions -- Past debt resolution -- Past umbrella facilities for debt relief -- Commonalities among past umbrella frameworks for debt relief -- Differences among past umbrella frameworks for debt relief -- Changes in debt resolution and the emergence of collective action clauses -- The Common Framework in historical comparison -- Implications for future debt reduction and resolution -- References -- Chapter 2: Regional Outlooks -- East Asia and Pacific -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Europe and Central Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Middle East and North Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- South Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- References -- Chapter 3: Commodity Price Cycles: Drivers and Policies -- Introduction.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Summary of Contents -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Global Outlook -- Summary -- Global context -- Pandemic developments -- Global trade -- Financial markets -- Commodity markets -- Major economies: Recent developments and outlook -- United States -- Euro area -- Japan -- China -- Emerging market and developing economies -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Global outlook and risks -- Global outlook -- Risks to the outlook -- Policy challenges -- Challenges in advanced economies -- Challenges in emerging market and developing economies -- Global coordination and cooperation -- Annex 1 Methodology -- References -- Chapter 2 Regional Outlooks -- East Asia and Pacific -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Europe and Central Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Middle East and North Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- South Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- References -- Chapter 3 Global Economy: Heading into a Decade of Disappointments? -- Introduction -- Pre-pandemic decade of economic weakness -- Structural weaknesses in growth -- Downgraded expectations -- Economic impact of the pandemic -- Circumstances associated with downgraded prospects -- Downgrades after the global financial crisis -- Downgrades after country-specific adverse events -- Reform options -- Human capital accumulation -- Infrastructure investment -- Increasing the labor supply -- Creating a growth-friendly environment -- Effects of reforms -- Effects on potential growth -- Effects on growth expectations -- Conclusion -- Annex 3.1 Methodology: Local projection estimation.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Overview of main findings -- Size of economies -- GDP expenditure components -- Per capita measures -- Intercountry income inequality -- Price levels -- Variability across economies -- Comparison of 2017 results with revised 2011 results -- Chapter 2 ICP 2017 results -- Tables of 2017 results -- Survey framework -- Chapter 3 Purchasing power parities and real expenditures -- Concepts and definitions -- Use and applications of PPPs and real expenditures -- Chapter 4 Governance and organization -- Governance of ICP 2017 -- Regional and national organization -- Chapter 5 Methodology -- Conceptual framework -- Expenditure data -- Price data -- PPP calculation and estimation -- Chapter 6 Looking forward -- Appendix A: History of the International Comparison Program -- Appendix B: The ICP's governance framework -- The ICP's governance structure -- The roles and responsibilities of the ICP governance bodies -- Appendix C: ICP expenditure classification -- 2017 ICP expenditure classification structure -- Main aggregates -- Deriving actual individual consumption -- Facilitating the input price approach -- Adjusting household expenditure to the national concept -- Updates introduced for the 2017 ICP expenditure classification -- Appendix D: Reference PPPs used in ICP 2017 -- Appendix E: Revised 2011 results and comparisons with original ICP 2011 results -- Appendix F: Comparison of ICP 2017 results with World Development Indicators data -- Appendix G: ICP research agenda -- Appendix H: ICP data access and archive policy -- Background -- Data access objectives -- Guiding principles -- Procedures for archiving data -- Procedures for accessing data -- Appendix I: ICP revision policy -- Background -- Triggers for revising ICP indicators.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Global Outlook: A Fragile Recovery -- Summary -- Major economies: Recent developments and outlook -- Global trends -- Emerging market and developing economies: Recent developments and outlook -- Risks to the outlook -- Policy challenges -- References -- Box 1.1 Low-income countries: Recent developments and outlook -- Box 1.2 Regional perspectives: Recent developments and outlook -- Special Focus 1 Debt Dynamics in Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Time to Act? -- Introduction -- Evolution of fiscal positions -- Fiscal positions in episodes of financial stress -- Conclusion -- References -- Special Focus 2 Arm's-Length Trade: A Source of Post-Crisis Trade Weakness -- Introduction -- Characteristics of intra-firm and arm's-length trade -- Evolution of intra-firm and arm's-length trade since the crisis -- Factors contributing to the sharp post-crisis slowdown in arm's-length trade -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Regional Outlooks -- East Asia and Pacific -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Europe and Central Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Box 2.2.1 Reversal in 2016 of diverging growth paths -- Risks -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Box 2.3.1 Continued growth divergence within Latin America and the Caribbean -- Risks -- Middle East and North Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- South Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Box 2.6.1 Deteriorating public finances in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Risks -- References -- Statistical Appendix -- Selected Topics -- Figures -- 1.1 Global prospects -- 1.2 Global risks and policy challenges -- 1.3 Advanced economies -- 1.4 United States -- 1.5 Euro Area.