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Subjectivity is a common problem in both philosophy and psychoanalysis. In this article, through analysis of the respective thoughts of Kant and Freud, it will be discovered that Kant's critical philosophy and Freud's psychoanalysis have a possibility of dialogue in the restriction of subject, and the basis of this possibility is the finite subjectivism. This positive dialogue between critical philosophy and psychoanalysis will have some theoretical significance for both in dealing with scientism.

The purpose of the work is to identify the connotation, features of computational propaganda and reveal how computational propaganda uses new technologies to manipulate public opinion.
The study's hypothesis is the assumption that computational propaganda, as a new type of propaganda and manipulation of public opinion spawned in the era of artificial intelligence, stealthily and massively steers public opinion using new technologies to influence political and social processes.
With the scientific methods such as event analysis and case-study, the work concludes that more and more governments, political parties, and strategic communication companies use social media as the digital platform, Internet bots as the automated executors, and algorithms as the computational technical guarantee, by participating in, guiding and creating controversial topics and events, to manipulate public opinion and win international competitions, policy debates, elections, etc.

The purpose of the work is to identify the connotation, features of computational propaganda and reveal how computational propaganda uses new technologies to manipulate public opinion. The study's hypothesis is the assumption that computational propaganda, as a new type of propaganda and manipulation of public opinion spawned in the era of artificial intelligence, stealthily and massively steers public opinion using new technologies to influence political and social processes. With the scientific methods such as event analysis and case-study, the work concludes that more and more governments, political parties, and strategic communication companies use social media as the digital platform, Internet bots as the automated executors, and algorithms as the computational technical guarantee, by participating in, guiding and creating controversial topics and events, to manipulate public opinion and win international competitions, policy debates, elections, etc. ; Celem pracy jest zidentyfikowanie konotacji, cech propagandy obliczeniowej oraz ujawnienie, w jaki sposób propaganda obliczeniowa wykorzystuje nowe technologie do manipulowania opinią publiczną. Hipotezą badania jest założenie, że propaganda obliczeniowa, jako nowy rodzaj propagandy i manipulacji opinią publiczną, zrodzony w erze sztucznej inteligencji, potajemnie i masowo steruje opinią publiczną za pomocą nowych technologii, aby wpływać na procesy polityczne i społeczne.

The purpose of the work is to identify the connotation, features of computational propaganda and reveal how computational propaganda uses new technologies to manipulate public opinion. The study's hypothesis is the assumption that computational propaganda, as a new type of propaganda and manipulation of public opinion spawned in the era of artificial intelligence, stealthily and massively steers public opinion using new technologies to influence political and social processes. With the scientific methods such as event analysis and case-study, the work concludes that more and more governments, political parties, and strategic communication companies use social media as the digital platform, Internet bots as the automated executors, and algorithms as the computational technical guarantee, by participating in, guiding and creating controversial topics and events, to manipulate public opinion and win international competitions, policy debates, elections, etc. ; Celem pracy jest zidentyfikowanie konotacji, cech propagandy obliczeniowej oraz ujawnienie, w jaki sposób propaganda obliczeniowa wykorzystuje nowe technologie do manipulowania opinią publiczną. Hipotezą badania jest założenie, że propaganda obliczeniowa, jako nowy rodzaj propagandy i manipulacji opinią publiczną, zrodzony w erze sztucznej inteligencji, potajemnie i masowo steruje opinią publiczną za pomocą nowych technologii, aby wpływać na procesy polityczne i społeczne. ; 2 ; 63 ; 77 ; Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

This study examines how power centralization at the provincial level affects the allocation of fiscal expenditures in China. The authors employ a quasi-natural experimental setting formed by a regulation established in 2002 stating that, in general, provincial Chinese Communist Party (CCP) secretaries should be recommended as candidates for chairmen of the Provincial People's Congress (PPC). An empirical analysis of provincial panel data finds that Party secretaries concurrently serving as PPC chairmen not only inflates the size of local public expenditures, but also limits fiscal expenditures supporting social welfare and livelihood programs due to a tendency among local leaders to invest more in economic programs that could generate short-term economic growth. Furthermore, power centralization and constrained congressional power could reduce the efficiency of local public expenditures. (J Contemp China / GIGA)