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The question of the Israeli settlement in the occupied territories has become a focal point for the political system, an issue of 'high politics' affecting values and symbols important to Israeli society as a whole. Indeed, the settlement issue may be described as having a significant bearing both on the domestic scene and on Israel's posture In the international arena. Domestically, it has been a subject of acute controversy and intense power straggles. Externally, the. settlements have aroused widespread international opposition and criticism.

Israel is one of the few democracies where no environmental party has emerged. This article addresses the reasons for this conspicuous absence. There are four explanations for the emergence of such parties: economic affluence, environmental degradation, public awareness of environmental problems, & a political setting favoring the establishment of new parties, namely, a proportional electoral system & party funding. In Israel, all these conditions are prevalent, but environmental parties have failed to emerge owing to two additional explanations: a successful environmental movement reluctant to turn into a party, & a value system relegating the environment to a low place on the political agenda. The prominence of security, the anti-ecological tradition, & the search for identity has ruled out mobilization for an environmental party. 1 Table. Adapted from the source document.

Women are severely underrepresented in the Israeli senior civil service. This article explores the barriers that impede women 's advancement to top administrative positions by comparing those who achieved senior ranks to a sample of two control groups: male senior officials and middle-rank female officials. Four explanations are offered: (a) human capital, (b) attitudes and views, (c) organizational characteristics and values, and (d) functional attributes. Data show that senior women are differentfrom senior men in their higher status, in their lower sense of equity, and in their domestic chores. Senior women are distinctfrom middle-rank women in their social, women's, and occupational networking and in their internal domestic chores. A discriminate analysis has shown the importance of domestic chores in the male-female variation and the importance of status, social, occupational, and women networking within the intrafemale variation.