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This paperl operationalises the concept of relative poverty in
the context of Pakistan. The exercise is carried out both at the
national and the provincial level. Basides an estimation of the
incidence of poverty at the aggregate level, the paper provides a
cross-sectional comparison of poverty in different socio-economic groups
in the four provinces of Pakistan. The paper is organised in six
sections. After the introduction, Section II gives a brief theoretical
reflection on the concept and measurment of relative poverty. This
section also describes the methodology followed in this paper. Section
III presents poverty estimates for the country as a whole and Section IV
gives the results for the four provinces of Pakistan. This section also
examines the relationship between the findings at the national level and
the provincial level. Section V presents a brief comparison of high
poverty groups across provinces. Some concluding remarks are given at
the end in Section VI.

"The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA), adopted at the Second World Assembly on Ageing, is the first international agreement that specifically recognises the potential of older people to contribute to the development of their societies. In monitoring its implementation two key approaches are evident: a qualitative bottom-up participatory approach and an approach that uses Quantitative indicators to monitor sustainable progress and policies. With the European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, playing a pivotal role in the monitoring of the implementation process, one of its key tasks has been to develop a list of 'indicators of achievement'. This book contains extended and revised versions of policy briefs and background papers that support the implementation monitoring process. The analyses included in these chapters make concrete suggestions towards Quantitative indicators, with the aim of assisting national governments in mainstreaming ageing in their policies. The contributors provide an overview of the current situation with respect to population ageing and its consequences and also provide projections for the future. The book also includes the final list of Quantitative indicators that arose out of consultations with international experts, related to the four main topics addressed: demography, income and wealth, labour market participation, and social protection and financial sustainability."--Provided by publisher.

In this paper, we compare poverty statistics for Pakistan
based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys of
1984-85 and 1987-88, using a relative concept of poverty. After a brief
look at the quality of the surveys in use in Section II we recapitulate
the relative poverty concept in Section III. In Section IV we compare
the size and composition of the poor population in 1984-85 and 1987-88
by using relative poverty lines. In Section V we extend the analysis by
differentiating results across rural and urban areas and by taking into
account that the cost of living in rural areas may be lower than in
urban areas. Section VI presents a number of sensitivity analyses, and
Section VII concludes.

In the past, studies on poverty in a developing country like
Pakistan have usually been based on an absolute (e. g. basic needs)
concept of poverty see, e. g., Naseem (1977); Irfan and Amjad (1984);
Ercelawn (1990) and Malik (1992). In this paperl we will state the case
for using relative poverty thresholds, and present poverty statistics
for Pakistan based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure
Survey (1987-88). [Government of Pakistan (1988)]. The paper will also
show the consequences of different choices in the assessment of the
poverty threshold. In particular, instead of using one rather steep
equivalence scale, as is the common practice in most studies, we will
present poverty statistics based on three different -equivalence scales.
The effects of choices with respect to the concept of resources and the
measure of poverty, will also be examined. After a discussion of the
concept of poverty (Section II), we compare the size and composition of
the poor population using three relative poverty lines in Section III.
In Section IV we present a number of sensitivity analyses, which show
the effects of using different equivalence scales, using different
indicators of household resources (income or total expenditures), and
using measures of poverty different from the Head-count measure. The
poverty incidence differentiated according to household characteristics
is further analysed by means of cross-classification and logit analysis
in Section V. Section VI presents some general conclusions.

Providing an overview of the future research challenges for economists and social scientists concerning population ageing, pensions, health and social care in Europe, this book examines how scientific research can provide cutting-edge evidence on income security and well-being of the elderly, and labour markets and older workers

This book provides multinational evidence on active and healthy ageing. It generates authoritative new knowledge for mutual learning and policymaking in addressing challenges linked with population ageing. The authors discuss how to achieve better active ageing outcomes through appropriate policies including addressing life course determinants of active and healthy ageing. The chapters are distinctive in their focus on quantitative analysis of active and healthy ageing based on a first-of-its-kind composite measure, the Active Ageing Index developed during the 2012 European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations. Contributors include researchers, civil service representatives, policymakers and other stakeholders from national, regional and European organisations. This edited volume provides a multidisciplinary resource for academics and policy makers in various areas of the social sciences, especially those studying population ageing and its consequences, economists, sociologists, social policy analysts and public health experts

In the past fifteen years, microsimulation models have become firmly established as vital tools for analysis of the distributional impact of changes in governmental programmes. Across Europe, the US, Canada and Australia, microsimulation models are used extensively to assess who are the winners and losers from proposed policy reforms; this is now expanding into new frontiers, both geographically and in terms of policy areas. With contributions from more than 60 international experts, this volume offers a comprehensive introduction to the state of microsimulation internationally, illustrating a wide range of new applications and approaches. It will be of relevance to government policy makers, social policy planners, economists and those concerned with predicting the impact of public policy change and to academics in a variety of disciplines, especially social and public policy, human geography, development studies and economics.