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Introduction: Economic Statecraft Revisited 1. - 1. Countering the China Embargo and the Origins of the PRC's Economic Statecraft, 1949-1955 21. - 2. Seeking Soviet Aid While Resisting Moscow's Influence, 1953-1963 59. - 3. Transforming Economic Diplomacy While Aiding African and Asian Countries, 1955-1970 97. - 4. Moderating Japan's Hostility through Manipulating Expectations of Trade Opportunities, 1955-1972 135. - 5. Aiding North Korea, Mongolia, and Albania to Confront Russia, 1960-1972 169. - 6. Aiding Hanoi's War against America and Competing with Russia, 1960-1972 207. - 7. Reshaping Economic Statecraft in the Age of Rapprochement and Opening Up, 1970s-1980s 241. - 8. Leveraging Economically Chinese-American Relations, Late 1980s-Early 1990s 277. - Conclusion: Beijing's Economic Statecraft for the Twenty-First Century 313

This study adopts an institutional approach in the case analysis of China's economic statecraft towards Brazil. In light of institutionalisation theory, it examines the institutional arrangements between Beijing and Brasilia for the purpose of facilitating bilateral economic cooperation and advancing strategic partnership. As a descriptive effort, it yields some preliminary findings: first, the institutionalisation of China's economic statecraft towards Brazil is incremental, driven largely by the desire for and belief in long-term planning; second, a set of norms, values, and principles is instituted alongside designated agencies, point persons, operational protocols, and exchange mechanisms, creating a form of institutional governance based on a multi-actor, multilevel, and network-based steering mode; third, governance remains so centralised that it falls short in empowering strategic participation; and, fourth and finally, Beijing's institution-building proves useful in the management of relations with Brazil, suggesting that economic statecraft may benefit from institutionalisation. (JCCA/GIGA)