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Intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) has been characterized at the morphologic and genomic level. However, it is unclear how genomic heterogeneity is translated into functional proteome ITH. We addressed this question by performing a multi-region proteomic analysis of 60 biopsy-scale tissue samples from three prostate cancer patients using pressure cycling technology (PCT) and SWATH mass spectrometry. We quantified the degree of ITH for 1,906 proteins in malignant and benign tissue. The majority of proteins displayed a relatively low degree of ITH and benign tissue exhibited generally more complex patterns of ITH than malignant tissue. Further, we developed an ITH-corrected protein fold-change measure and demonstrated in an independent patient cohort that this new measure rescued potentially clinically relevant protein markers and stratified patients. This study established a strategy for quantifying proteome-scale ITH, generated a data resource of the proteomic ITH in prostate cancers, and demonstrated the value of considering ITH for tumor characterization. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 668858. This work was supported (in part) by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number 15.0324-2. The opinions expressed and arguments employed therein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Swiss Government. ; The information in this document is provided as is, and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The content of this document reflects only the author's view - the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. The users use the information at their sole risk and liability.

Background: To investigate the prognostic effects and risk factors of the omission and delay of postoperative chemotherapy of stage II/III gastric cancer (GC). Methods: The clinicopathological data of 1,520 patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for stage II/III GC were collected and retrospectively analyzed. We defined the chemotherapy delayed until more than 60 days after radical gastrectomy and the complete omission of chemotherapy as unacceptable chemotherapy initiation (UAC), whereas the chemotherapy conducted within 60 days of radical gastrectomy was defined as acceptable chemotherapy initiation (AC). The survival between the two groups was compared, and the trends and risk factors of UAC were analyzed. Results: There were 539 (35.5%) patients with UAC. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival of the UAC group patients were significantly inferior to those in the AC group (p 0.05). Logistic analysis showed that female, old age, a self-paid status, a very low social status, high American Society of Anesthesiologists scores, intra-abdominal surgery history, and serious postoperative complications were independent risk factors of UAC (all p < 0.05). The radar chart shows the risk factors of UAC changed with time. Conclusions: UAC after radical gastrectomy is an independent risk factor for the prognosis of stage II/III GC patients. However, no significant decline of UAC has been achieved recently and should call for the attention of both government and clinicians.