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The regulation of research on the new biomedical technologies : standard setting in Europe and its Baltic Region / Pēteris Zilgalvis -- State responsibility and the challenge of the realist paradigm : the demand of Baltic victims of Soviet mass repressions for compensation from Russia / Lauri Mälksoo -- State continuity, succession, and responsibility : reparations to the Baltic States and their peoples? / Ineta Ziemele -- The dilemmas of an "official with progressive views" : Baron Boris Nolde / Peter Holquist -- Computer network attacks in the grey areas of jus ad bellumand jus in bello / Erki KodarLegal -- Status of Lithuania's armed resistance to the Soviet occupation in the context of state continuity / Dainius Žalimas -- Transitional criminal justice at the ECtHR : implications for the universality of human rights / James A. Sweeney -- Implementation of the sustainable development principle in nuclear law / Apolevič Jolanta -- Cyber countermeasures and effects on third parties : the international legal regime / Michael N. Schmittand and M. Christopher Pitts -- Foreword : fifty shades of gray / José E. Alvarez -- Bioethics in the Jurisprudence of the Latvian Constitutional Court / Sanita Osipova.

Preliminary Material /André Alen , Johan Vande Lanotte , Eugeen Verhellen , Fiona Ang , Eva Berghmans and Mieke Verheyde -- Chapter One. Introduction /André Alen , Johan Vande Lanotte , Eugeen Verhellen , Fiona Ang , Eva Berghmans and Mieke Verheyde -- Chapter Two. Comparison with Related International Human Rights Provisions /André Alen , Johan Vande Lanotte , Eugeen Verhellen , Fiona Ang , Eva Berghmans and Mieke Verheyde -- Chapter Three. Scope of Article 7 /André Alen , Johan Vande Lanotte , Eugeen Verhellen , Fiona Ang , Eva Berghmans and Mieke Verheyde -- Chapter Four. Conclusions /André Alen , Johan Vande Lanotte , Eugeen Verhellen , Fiona Ang , Eva Berghmans and Mieke Verheyde.

The issues in this volume have been high on international agendas during recent years: human rights and the fight against terrorism; the human rights of women; state responsibility to ensure adequate standards of living; and the human rights accountability of transnational corporations.

The Baltic Yearbook of International Law is an annual publication containing contributions on topical issues in international law and related fields that are relevant to Baltic affairs and beyond. In addition to articles on different aspects of international law, each Yearbook focuses on a theme with particular importance to the development of international law

The article sums up the state of international human rights law as concerns the issue of responsibility for human rights violations allegedly carried out by private persons and entities. It employs four main legal concepts: imputability of private actions to a State, positive obligations of States, duties of private persons and entities, and 'horizontal' effect of human rights. The attempt is made to see how these concepts appear in the case-law of international monitoring bodies and regional courts. The article also attempts to indicate pending questions as concerns the responsibility of private persons and entities for human rights violations and to introduce possible approaches that an international or regional judicial or legislative process could undertake to remedy the gaps, in particular in the narrower context of private military companies. One of the obvious conclusions that emerges from the study is that international actors have preferred the development of the scope of positive obligations that States ought to undertake within various human rights treaties. It is through these obligations that international human rights standards have come to circumscribe private actions. The scope of positive obligations for States typically involve the following measures: adoption of appropriate legislation, provision of judicial remedies and compensation where appropriate. It can be said that the existing legal framework contains most if not all the necessary elements to hold such legal entities as private military or security contractors accountable for human rights violations. The question lies more with the courage to use them to ensure respect for human rights. ; The 'Regulating Privatisation of "War": The Role of the EU in Assuring the Compliance with International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights" (PRIV-WAR) project is funded by the European Community's 7th Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 217405.

In recent times, the word 'crisis' has dominated international political discourse. Ulrich and Ziemele bring together an expert group of scholars to interrogate how the international legal system responds to crises in human society, across the realms of security, immunities, sustainable development, and philosophy.