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Yuri Slezkine is the Jane K. Sather Professor of History at the University of California and director of the Berkeley Program in Eurasian and East European Studies at the same university. He was born in Russia, in the mid-1950s, and he graduated from Moscow State University. In the early-1980s, he went to Austin, Texas, where he obtained his PhD under the supervision of Sheila Fitzpatrick, a leading figure of the so-called "Revisionist School". Among Yuri Slezkine's several contributions to the history of the Soviet Union and Russia, we find his PhD thesis Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North, published by Cornell University Press in 1994. In 2004 he published a new book, the The Jewish Century (Princeton University Press, 2006), and he recently published The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution (Princeton Uni- versity Press, 2017).This conversation was held in Lisbon in November 2017. ; Yuri Slezkine é Professor Jane K. Sather de História , na Universidade da Califórnia, e director do Programa em Estudos Eurasianos e da Europa Oriental, na Universidade de Bekeley. Nasceu na Rússia, em meados da década de 1950, e formou-se na Universidade Estatal de Moscovo. No início da década de 1980, Slezkine foi para Austin, Texas, onde obteve o seu doutoramento, sob a supervisão de Sheila Fitzpatrick, figura de proa da chamada "Escola Revisionista". Entre as várias contribuições de Slezkine para a história da União Soviética e da Rússia, encontramos a sua tese de doutoramento "Arctic Mirrors": A Rússia e os Pequenos Povos do Norte, publicada pela Cornell University Press, em 1994. Em 2004, publicou um novo livro, The Jewish Century (Princeton University Press, 2006), e publicou recentemente The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution (Princeton Uni- versity Press, 2017). Esta conversa teve lugar em Lisboa em Novembro de 2017.

Sanjay Seth held positions at Sydney University and La Trobe University, where he became one of the founding co-editors of the Journal Postcolonial Studies. In 2007, he moved to Goldsmiths College, University of London, to take up the Chair in Politics and the directorship of the Center for Postcolonial Studies. He has published in the fields of modern Indian history, political and social theory, postcolonial theory and international relations. The following conversation was held when Professor Sanjay Seth was visiting the Universidade Nova de Lisboa. José Neves conducted most of the conversation, trying to range from Seth's first works on politics (Marxist Theory and Nationalist Politics: The Case of Colonial India, New Delhi, Sage, 1995) to his more recent interventions on the epis- temological, cultural and political aspects of the writing of history. ; Sanjay Seth ocupou cargos na Universidade de Sydney e na Universidade de La Trobe, onde se tornou um dos co-editores fundadores da revista Postcolonial Studies. Em 2007, mudou-se para o Goldsmiths College, Universidade de Londres, para assumir a Cátedra de Política e a direcção do Centro de Estudos Pós-Coloniais. Publicou nos campos da história moderna indiana, teoria política e social, teoria pós-colonial e relações internacionais. A seguinte conversa teve lugar quando Sanjay Seth esteve de visita à Universidade Nova de Lisboa. José Neves conduziu a maior parte da conversa, a qual percorreu o caminho feito por Seth desde os primeiros trabalhos sobre política (Marxist Theory and Nationalist Politics: The Case of Colonial India, New Deli, Nova Deli, Sage, 1995) até às suas mais recentes intervenções sobre aspectos epistemológicos, culturais e políticos da escrita da história.

Abstract
By examining the career of a Portuguese essayist and historian, this article seeks to examine the relations between culture, nationalism and globalization during the second half of the twentieth century. The article follows the career of António José Saraiva from the 1940s to the 1990s, describing his transformation from expressing a universalist and progressive idea of culture to a nationalist and romantic one, and relating it to the transformations of communist internationalism and to the developments of capitalism and globalization. Considering the ruptures, but also the continuities within Saraiva's thought, it is argued that his commitment to the problem of alienation plays a key role in this transformation While contributing to the history of one of the most read Portuguese intellectuals of the twentieth century, this article stresses the need for historians and social scientists to move beyond – at least partially – some binary oppositions that often command our approach to culture: namely the conflict between culture and economy on the one hand, and the national and the global, on the other.

At the beginning of the 1930s, Portuguese political elites were committed to the recovery of the "lost glory" of the era of the so-called Portuguese Discoveries, a past age which was (and still is) often considered as the golden period of Portuguese history. The new Portuguese political regime, an outcome of a right-wing militarycoup d'etatin 1926, and its opposition on the left were united in arguing in favour of a Portuguese Empire. In 1934, during Portugal's I Exposição Colonial (1st Colonial Expo), the oppositionist newspaperO Diabofrequently praised the Portuguese Empire, setting the tone for the rest of the decade. In the second half of the 1930s, the glorification of the Empire by oppositionists became even more prominent, as exemplified by Portugal's Frente Popular's (Popular Front) programme, a political document that was the result of a convergence between Portuguese communists, socialists and republicans. Written in 1936, the programme is critical of "colonial imperialism's policy," but not really of colonialism in general. According to Frente Popular, colonialism was morally acceptable because it can aid "other less civilized peoples, so that they can gradually join international life, until they reach the final stage of their complete autonomy."