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The author takes a historical look at the issue of migration before turning to a discussion of migration in the age of globalization. The author also explores economic consequences of migration, and how migration has impacted the USA. References. Adapted from the source document.

The author reviews the threats to the rainforests of Brazil and Central America by cattle raising for mostly US-based fast food chains and by efforts to solve the urban over-population by allowing large-scale resettling of marginal city populations in deforested areas. The author calls for international collaboration to prevent the destruction of the earth lungs in Amazonia

The author analyzes EU actor capacity in security policy with special emphasis on crisis management. She places this within the larger context of security policy & the transatlantic debate over the role of NATO, the case of Iraq, & different national interests of key member states. The author concludes that the EU has steadily developed its capacity to undertake the various types of crisis management, but that the role of the EU as a security actor will be determined by the larger systemic decision making in this area. The crisis over Iraq may very well lead to a consolidation of the EU's role. 33 References. Adapted from the source document.

The author examines US policies in Central America in the eight years of Ronald Reagan's presidency. The laxness of leadership during those years explains the Byzantine power structure, official measures contradicting one another

The author describes the Nicaraguan celebration of La Purisima, by far the most popular festivity in the country, and discusses this religious and social phenomenon as an expression of the position of women in Nicaraguan society

The author seeks to show that when Germany surprised the world by signaling its disagreement with President Bush regarding the attack on Iraq, it could not be explained by Chancellor Schroder's election campaign, nor by the lack of rapport between the two leaders. At issue are differences regarding principles as well as interests in the wake of the revision of American security policy after September 11, 2001. After reunification, Germany felt freer to express its own interests regarding these & other issues such as closer European security cooperation that Washington now seems to see as a challenge to its own interests. The author concludes by suggesting that this development indicates that the disagreement between Berlin & Washington is not of a temporary nature as some would like to think. 17 References. Adapted from the source document.

The author examines the constitution written under general Pinochet's military regime and shows why the political change taking place in Chile can at best produce a transitional regime that in turn may lead to democracy. The constitutional amendments required by the Chilean opposition are outlined

The author discusses the role international firms and their local agents can play in making the governments in developing countries request foreign aid which primarily serves their (i.e. the firms') own interests. The example which is discussed in detail deals with a delivery of Norwegian medicines to Bangladesh.(DÜI-Ptk)

Miskito Nicaraguans have been returning from refugee camps in neighboring Honduras in significant numbers since long before the Contra war came to an end. The author describes this process and explains it by reviewing the unique agreement between Miskito organizations and the Sandinista government, providing for a measure of internal autonomy for the Miskito and other Indian groups

The author describes some of the main trends in the political development of Haiti after president-for-life, Jean-Claude Duvalier, fled the country in February 1986. The claim is made that the political and administrative vacuum left by Duvalier has been filled by competing sectors of Haiti's military establishment that has thus prevented a development toward democracy in the foreseeable future

It is well established in International Relations that the modem state & the state system originated at the Peace of Westphalia (1648). In this article, the author argues that there is little evidence to support such an understanding, neither in the texts of the treaties nor in the political situation before or in the wake of 1648. Rather, the Peace of Westphalia can in many ways be understood to be a step backwards from a modem understanding of sovereignty (cuius regio, eius religio: whose region it is, his religion it is), which to some extent was represented in the Peace of Augsburg (1555). International Relations' understanding of the Peace of Westphalia is based on a mythical understanding of historical processes. Furthermore, the author argues, International Relations should abandon the mythical watershed which 1648 represents. However, instead of searching for another myth to explain the origin of its main object of study, one should instead re-conceptualise the discipline in a new & more dynamic way, taking into account the heterogeneous character of the international system. 60 References. Adapted from the source document.

A reply to Morten Aasland's article, where he criticizes the Norwegian Institute of International Affair's (NUPI) prior article for lifting the Norwegian self image on high pedestal in comparison to the national interest, in the forming the country's foreign policy. The author agrees that NUPI's constructivist method has its limits, but it nonetheless brings new perspectives to the political debate. L. Pitkaniemi

The author concentrates on the development of Norway's relations with Central America. From virtually non-existing connections, the 1980s have seen the establishment of a Norwegian embassy in Costa Rica, and a substantial growth in aid to Sandinist Nicaragua. The political debate in Norway over Nicaragua is outlined, as is the anger provoked in the US government by the Central American policy of its NATO ally