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The article is devoted to the development of approaches to the legal qualification of the consent to harm in German doctrine and case law. The author explores the problems of the transactional theory of consent, based on the provisions of the German Civil Code and dogmatically formulated in the work of E. Zitelmann. The article describes the early case law of the German high courts on the consent to harm. The author generalizes critique of the transactional theory of consent in the doctrine and describes a departure from it in the case law of the mid-20th century in Germany. The author dwells in detail on various non-transactional approaches to the qualification of consent presented in the works of K. Larentz, E. Schenke, O. Bucher and W. Münzberg. The article describes a modern approach to consent based on the teleological reduction of some rules on transactions. The author comes to the conclusion that the development of doctrinal views on consent to harm in Germany proceeded dialectically: from the transactional qualification of consent through non-transactional approaches to the limited application of certain rules on transactions. The author suggests to qualify consent to harm as a transaction with some reservations.

This article examines some current problems of EU and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Also this article generalize and illustrate in new way long waves hypothesis. The author suggests a non-customary approach to the study and forecasting of the economic life within the framework of Kondratieff approaches. Cyclical patterns were successfully used by the author in the business and in the banking sphere. Taking into account long waves, in 2009 the author warned about the possible economic crises in Russia in 2014-2015, 2020 and such crises actually happened. The aim of this article is the systematization and the adaptation of long waves approaches to the study of many acute economic problems. The hypothesis of long waves was used by the author but only as a general empirical reference point. It touches on many actual problems of world development, including the decrease of global FDI and the growth of centrifugal forces in the EU. The question is raised about the large-scale spread of coronavirus. The rapid spread of COVID-19 could have been connected with high global instability in addition to other well-known factors. Taking into account Kondratieff's waves and many years of the author's experience in the Russian business and in the Russian banking sphere, the author touches on a long unfavorable period of economic instability in Russian economy. Some economic advices to regulators and business in Russia are provided. Also the author concludes that it is necessary to continue studying the Kondratieff long wave hypothesis with the aim of its further successful use in forecasting.

В статье рассматривается содержание, условия и порядок назначения пенсии по случаю потери кормильца в качестве формы особой заботы о детях со стороны Республики Беларусь как социального государства. Выявлены международные основы особой заботы о несовершеннолетних со стороны государства. Сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию законодательства. ; In the article, the author considers the content, conditions and procedure for awarding a survivor's pension as a form of special care for children by the Republic of Belarus as a social state. The author reveals the international foundations of special care for children by the state. The author formulates proposals for improving the legislation.

The author of the article examines the traditions of military prose in the novel by Zachar Prilepin "Pathologies" and says that many figurative junctions which are connected with the spiritual experience of precursors are reborn. The author also analyses the philosophical ground of the novel originated to the Russian religious thought.

This article provides insight into the initiatives of the President of France Emmanuel Macron in the field of European Union security and defense. France is leading the processes of military convergence of the EU members. The author examines the perspectives of such a convergence and tries to identify both internal and external causes of the French European policy. The author explores Macron's European policy and compares it with the ideology of classical gaullism, laid the foundation for the Fifth Republic led by general Charles de Gaulle. The author characterizes Macron's policies as ―flexible gaullism'' and identifies its main features. The author assesses the perspectives of the initiatives suggested by Macron in the sphere of European security and defense and tries to reveal possible obstacles for the realization of these initiatives. The article also provides an analytical assessment of the current French external European policy, evaluates the political influence of modern France on the European Union Common Security and Defense. The author explores the impact of Brexit on the position of France in EU and studies the role of Paris in PESCO - Permanent Structured Cooperation. The article reveals joint initiatives of France and Germany and the role of Franco-German tandem in the EU Common Security and Defense Policy. © 2020 Institute of Europe Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

This article focuses on changes in regulation of financial markets abroad after the financial crisis of 2007-2009 and provides comments on the effectiveness of such regulation. Specially the author analyzes the risks that the derivatives market creates for the financial sector and proposes mechanisms to enhance transparency and stability of the market. The author considers how introduction rules of FATCA and FCPA to the U.S. will influence on the financial sector, the possibility of continuing Russian banks overseas financial transactions, the cost of loans to Russian companies. Also the author writes how the introduction of Tobin tax will impact on international financial transactions in Europe. He describes the changes in the area of offshore jurisdictions in the world occur. There is the experience of creating an international financial center abroad. He gives information on what measures taken to transform the emirate of Dubai to International Financial Centre. In conclusion, the author proposes measures of increase of investment attractiveness of Russia and the possibility of establishing a Russian international financial center.

The author explores the process of introduction of information technologies in public administration and the emerging trends in improvement of governance through the introduction of electronic technology. The author identifies priorities electronic government solutions. The article analyzes state of the IT industry in Russia and prospects of its development. The author indicates problems introduction of electronic technologies in public administration. ; В статье автор рассматривает процесс внедрения информационных технологий в сферу государственного управления и наметившиеся тенденции в совершенствовании государственного управления путем внедрения электронных технологий. Автор выделяет приоритетные электронные государственные решения. В статье проводится анализ состояния ИТ-индустрии в России и перспективы ее развития. Автор обозначает проблемы внедрения электронных технологий в государственное управление.

The article's author analyses basic models of electoral behavior: «sociological», «sociological and psychologica», «rational and instrumental ». Author notes that these models were worked up for stable political systems. In conditions of developing democracy a big influence on electoral behavior exert political and institutional processes. Author characterizes institutional levels and notes specific character of electoral behavior of the post soviet country's majority. = Анализируются основные модели электорального поведения: социологическая, социально-психологическая и рационально- инструментальная, разработанные для устойчивых демократических политических систем. Показано, что в условиях развивающейся демократии большое влияние на электоральное поведение оказывают процессы политической институционализации. Дана характеристика уровней институционализации с учетом специфики электорального поведения большинства постсоветских стран.

The article reviews the correlation between the discourse theory and the theory of functional stylistics. Recognizing the signifícant contribution of discursive analysis in the study o f such a complex phenomenon as text, the author notes that many of the pro-visions of the discourse theory were successfully implemented in the functional stylis­ tics earlier. In 60th years of XX century professor from Perm-city (Russia) Margarita N. Kozhina developed the methodological basis of functional stylistics, which distin- guishes it from "resources stylistics": speech is determined by extralinguistic factors which influence on the stylistic and language side of the text.The author considers that defacto subject of study in the functional stylistics was and remains discourse, discourse activity, which is carried out in the main spheres of humanlife (science, arts, politics, law and others) and expressed in a particular speech organization of the text.Based on the similarity of the most important methodological principles of these Iinguistic directions, the author suggests these directions should be integrated in the discourse and stylistic approach. This approach is applied to scientific texts. The discourse component of this approach allows idenlifying extralinguistic factors of scientific communication; the stylistic component allows discovering the linguistic devices that repre- sent the standard contenl of a scientific páper.The author develops the concept of epistemic situation and considers the latter to be discourse model of scientific texts, which determines its stylistic peculiarity. The struc- ture of epistemic situation is described witli regard to the four interconnected aspects of cognitive activity: ontological, methodological, reflective, communicative-pragmatic. The author reveals the conlent of each aspect and analyses their influence on the sense structure of a scientific text.The author considers the subtext to be a structural element of the text and describes the primary subtexts: the subtext oťa new and old knowledge, the subtext of evaluation, the subtext of recipient and the author, etc.Thus, the discourse and stylistic approach to the text, based on the complementary principles of discourse analysis and functional stylistics, allows identifying pattems of text crealion in each communicative sphere, as well as explaining the stylistic diversity of texts.

Author reveals the features of the political culture of the electorate in Russia and Germany. Through the comparative survey he finds gender differences in political consciousness and the voting behavior. Author analyzes the reasons for the limited participation of women in Russian political life and provides some recommendations
for improving the democratization process of the political sphere.

The author analyzes an action of Slovakia against a decision of the Council of the European Union on relocation of refugees from Italy and Greece to other Member States in terms of the argumentation of Slovakia. Furthermore, the author explores argumentation of Hungary, which filed its action against the decision of the Council of the European Union for similar reasons as Slovak Republic did. These reasons are based on the fact that majority of Eastern European members of the Union is missing economic and social capabilities to integrate refugees from Africa and the Middle East. Because of this reason, some of Member States (Slovakia and Hungary) have decided to challenge decision mentioned judicially. Strong disagreements over relocation of refugees within European Union could serve as possible crucial base for future development of political relations between EU Member States. Within the research the author presents an assessment of Slovak and Hungarian argumentation, and at some places, he compares it to argumentation of the Czech Republic, which has opposed the relocation of refugees, as well. In his study author applies official EU documents, official documents of Member States and statements of their officials, mass media publications, just to name a few. In the second part of the article the author pays attention to possibilities for development of arguments related to the violation of the principle of proportionality, which was not sufficiently developed by Slovakia. The author concluded that the most sustainable solution to resolve migration crisis for EU would be financial support to be provided to neighboring countries (of crisis regions) most affected by migration, but not relocation of refugees within European Union.

In this article the author gives an analysis of the problem of the organization of the activity approach in the development and formation of the personality of the child, based on the concepts of work, the author focuses on current research activity approach and finds it necessary in the organization of educational process and pogotovki child's further learning based on this experience.

The author considers process to increase the quantity of vocational feminine forms in contemporary Russian language, especially in Russian press and Internet. This paper presents Russian vocational feminine forms in military lexicon (e.g.: майорша, лейтенантша, капитанша) and feminine forms of posts (e.g.: президентша, министерша, прокурорша, деканша). The author describes also a contrary tendency: changing of the feminine form to masculine (секретарша – секретарь).

The article discusses the evolution of theories of social revolution from the mid-nineteenth to the late twentieth centuries. The author analyzes the basic concepts of theorists and practitioners of the armed revolutionary struggle - from the founder of the classical Communist theory of Karl Marx to the Mexican guerrilla leader Subcomandante Marcos. The author focuses on the analysis of changes in the understanding of the subject ("driving forces") of the left political revolution, as well as the strategy of armed revolutionary struggle. The author comes to the conclusion about the historical evolution of the subject of the revolutionary struggle from major sustainable macro-groups ("classes"), targeted at the armed struggle, to self-born (by the network principle) unstructured protest groups, situational leaders, mild forms of the revolutionary struggle, which minimize the armed violence, though do not eliminate it completely. The author substantiates the conclusion about the absence in the modern protest movement of social forces, able to become the subject of revolution socialist orientation. This increases the danger of dominance of the social protest of extremist nationalist and religious political spectra. The author offers two models of response to this threat: the growing influence of the reigning centre-right conservative parties of Russia; return to center-left positions of the social democratic movement of the countries of the European Union.

В научной работе автор анализирует зарубежный опыт борьбы с проблемой рецидивной преступности. Одним из элементов уголовной политики автор называет меры постпенитенциарного воздействия на преступника. Ссылаясь на опыт Японии, автор статьи считает, что среди факторов, сдерживающих рост преступности, правомерно выделить эффективность законодательства и своевременную деятельность правоохранительных органов. ; In the scientific work of the author analyzes the foreign experience of dealing with the problem of recidivism. One of the elements of criminal policy author calls measures of post-penitentiary impact on the offender. Recalling the experience of Japan, the author of the article believes that among the factors restraining the growth of crime, it is legitimate to highlight the effectiveness of legislation and timely activities of law enforcement.