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AbstractThis study presents a new theoretical framework for understanding one of the ways in which populists generate support in elections. It argues that populist movements securitize elections by triggering perceptions of ontological insecurity among voters. Through this strategy, populist movements amplify voters' negative image of the country they live in and the challenges they face, which contributes to populist movements' electoral success. Building upon this theoretical framework, this study offers an explanation for the 2015 double general elections in Turkey. The Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) experienced disappointment after losing its parliamentary majority in the June 2015 elections. However, the AKP increased its votes by 8.6 percent in the November 2015 elections. Between these two elections, the AKP had used the Kurdish question to trigger perceptions of ontological insecurity, which enabled it to securitize the elections in November. This strategy helped the AKP win the November elections.

Yapılan araştırmalar, sivil toplum kuruluşlarına katılımın demokrasi üstünde olumlu bir etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak Türkiye'de sivil toplum kuruluşlarına üyelik düşüktür. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de devlet ile sivil toplum kuruluşları arasındaki ilişkinin tarihine ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarına katılımı etkileyen faktörleri inceleyen literatüre dayanarak Türkiye'de sivil toplum kuruluşlarına üyeliğin düşük olmasının nedenlerini araştırmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmada, 2015 senesinde Türkiye nüfusunu temsil eden bir örneklem ile gerçekleştirilmiş ulusal bir anket çalışması kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler, Türkiye'de kişilerin sivil toplum kuruluşlarını demokrasinin önemli öğesi olarak görmediğine işaret etmiştir. Ayrıca, devletin sivil toplum kuruluşlarını dikkate alması, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının devletten bağımsız hareket etmesi ve vatandaşların çekinmeden sivil kuruluşlarına üye olması gibi konularda katılımcıların büyük bir kısmının olumsuz düşüncelere sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de sivil toplum ve devlet ilişkilerinin problemli tarihinin kişilerin sivil toplum kuruluşlarına karşı bu olumsuz yargılara sahip olmalarına ve dolayısıyla sivil toplum kuruluşlarına üyelikten kaçınmalarına neden olduğu sonuca varmıştır. ; Previous research demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between democracy and membership in civil society organizations. Turkey is considered to be a country where membership in civil society organizations is low. Relying on the literature on the factors effecting the participation in civil society organizations and the history of the relationship between civil society organizations and the Turkish state, this article aims to investigate the factors behind low civil society organization membership in Turkey. To this end, this article benefited from a nation-wide survey conducted in 2015. Analysis showed that people in Turkey do not consider strong civil society as an important dimension of democracy. In addition, analysis revealed that a large number of people in Turkey think that: civil society organizations in Turkey are not independent from the state; the state does not see civil society as a partner in policy-making; and people are afraid of being a member of civil society organizations. This article concluded that the problematic history between civil society organizations and the Turkish state is a major reason why people in Turkey hold negative views about civil society organizations, and therefore avoid membership in these organizations.

WOS: 000437199300001 ; Bu araştırmada, Türkiye'de farklı cinsiyet, etnik ve mezhep gruplarına mensup kişilerin, demokrasi ve demokratik devlet tanımları 60 adet yarı-yapılandırılmış yüz yüze görüşmeye dayanarak çalışılmıştır. Bu görüşmelerde, çeşitli etnik ve dini kimliklere ve sosyo-ekonomik gruplara ait bireylerle konuşulmuştur. Görüşmelerin analizi sonucunda, demokrasiyi tanımlarken, kadınların cinsiyet eşitliği üzerinde durduğu, Kürtlerin ve Alevilerin hak ve özgürlüklere, Sünni Türk erkeklerin ise ekonomik refaha odaklandıkları görülmüştür. Bu bulgulara dayanarak, devletle tartışmalı bir ilişki içerisinde olan kimlik gruplarının demokrasiyi hak ve özgürlükler açısından tanımlamaya, devletle bu şekilde bir ilişki içerisinde olmayan grupların ise demokrasiyi tanımlarken ekonomik konuları merkeze almaya daha eğilimli olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmada ayrıca katılımcıların demokratik devletten beklentileri de incelenmiştir. Görüşmelerin bu bölümünde de benzer sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Sünni Türk erkeklerin demokratik devletten beklentileri arasında eşitlik bulunduğu durumlarda bile, bu görüşmecilerin daha çok ekonomik eşitliğin belirli bir ölçüde sağlanmasını kastettikleri anlaşılmıştır. Bunun aksine, Sünni Türk kadınlar, Kürtler ve Aleviler, demokratik devletten beklentilerinin arasında farklı etnik ve dini gruplar arasında eşitliğin sağlanması olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Türkiye toplumunu oluşturan bu kimlik gruplarının demokrasiye ve demokratik devlete ilişkin tutumlarındaki bu önemli farklılıklar, Türkiye'de hem demokrasinin konsolide edilmesi hem de bu konudaki toplumsal ayrışmanın azaltılması yönündeki sorunlara işaret etmektedir. ; Utilizing 60 interviews, we examine how people belonging to different gender, ethnic, and sectarian groups in Turkey define democracy and the democratic state. An analysis of the interviews reveals that women emphasize gender equality, while Kurds and Alevis focus on rights and freedoms in their definitions of democracy. Male Sunni Turks, on the other hand, focus on economic welfare. On the basis of these results, we argue that identity groups that have a problematic relationship with the state are more likely to define democracy in terms of rights and freedoms, whereas those who do not have a problematic relationship with the state are more likely to consider economic issues as central to democracy. This research also examined people's expectations of a democratic state. When male Sunni Turks indicated that equality is among their expectations of a democratic state, they formulated it in terms of the state realizing economic equality. Female Sunni Turks, Kurds, and Alevis, on the other hand, emphasized the provision of equality among different ethnic and religious groups in their expectations of a democratic state. These important differences among identity groups in Turkey in terms of their attitudes toward democracy and the democratic state illustrate the problems involved in consolidating democracy as well as significant challenges in lessening social differentiation regarding this issue.

Many factors play a role in determining the level of development in countries, and one of the main factors is FDI. To attract foreign capital to the country, it is necessary to realize the developments desired by the foreign capital and to pave the way for investments. The strong transportation infrastructure contributes to the development of the country not only in economic terms but also in many social and cultural aspects. With all these contributions, the benefits of transportation infrastructure investments make countries attractive for foreign capital. In this study, the relationship between investments in transportation infrastructure and foreign direct investments (FDI) was examined using the Arellano-Bond difference Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The data set of the study covers the period between 2010 and 2017, and the analysis was carried out using data from 30 OECD countries. According to the findings, it has been determined that total transportation infrastructure investment expenditures positively affect foreign direct investments.

Purpose Application of nanotechnology in construction sector brings innovation to building materials like self-cleaning and antifog. These features make it possible to shorten the maintenance and repair periods of building materials, and thereby reduce maintenance costs. The development of environmentally friendly building materials become very important to reduce air pollution and adverse effects. The competitiveness of companies in the construction sector is based on technological developments. Now, it is possible to reduce costs and respond to various customer demands owing to new technologies. Nanotechnology affects many sectors as a technology that contributes significantly to the development of the properties of materials, and it has also found its place in the construction sector. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of nanomaterials used in the construction sector in the context of glass and curtain wall systems. Also, the aims of this paper are to reveal the advantages of nanomaterials by examining the differences between the traditional and the nanotechnology applications used in glass and curtain wall systems, to remark nanomaterial applications in construction sector, and finally to expand awareness in this regard. Design/Methodology/Approach This study consisted in reviewing existing nanomaterials in the curtain wall system applications through projects, and conducting a survey. A preliminary letter and a 14-question survey were prepared. This study covers aluminum composite and glass curtain wall suppliers which were contacted by email. Face to face interviews were made with those who could not be reached by e-mail. The survey that was formed by the authors was sent to 68 participants working in the aluminum composite and glass curtain wall companies operating in the construction sector. Findings The findings of the study show that there are a limited number of structures using nanomaterials in Turkey. While these materials are used in many different parts of the structures, the most preferred in the outer shell design of the buildings (curtain wall systems).The construction sector should be considered as one of the critical sectors where nanotechnology can be practiced. Research Limitations/Implications The paper contains the normal limitations associated with the survey method including potential non-response bias. Practical Implications Potential of nanotechnology applications is growing in the construction field. There are large numbers of nanotechnology applications in the sector. However, construction sector is a traditional and cost oriented industry, rather than a technology focused sector. High cost of nanotechnology-based materials is a major obstacle to applications of nanotechnology in the construction sector. Even though some steps have been taken in the field of nanotechnology, the sector should be supported with incentives by government and research institutions. Social Implications The construction sector is the largest sector that causes environmental problems through construction, operation and maintenance of buildings. Due to its potential contribution to sustainability, it makes nanotechnology one of the most promising technologies in the green building area. Nanotechnology has much to offer the construction industry as it moves towards a more sustainable future. The effects of nanotechnological materials on the environment and human health are not clearly defined yet. More studies needed about that. Originality/Value Performing such a study is considered to be crucial for construction sector of developed and developing countries, so that the construction sector also avails benefits from this revolutionary technology.

Purpose Application of nanotechnology in construction sector brings innovation to building materials like self-cleaning and antifog. These features make it possible to shorten the maintenance and repair periods of building materials, and thereby reduce maintenance costs. The development of environmentally friendly building materials become very important to reduce air pollution and adverse effects. The competitiveness of companies in the construction sector is based on technological developments. Now, it is possible to reduce costs and respond to various customer demands owing to new technologies. Nanotechnology affects many sectors as a technology that contributes significantly to the development of the properties of materials, and it has also found its place in the construction sector. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of nanomaterials used in the construction sector in the context of glass and curtain wall systems. Also, the aims of this paper are to reveal the advantages of nanomaterials by examining the differences between the traditional and the nanotechnology applications used in glass and curtain wall systems, to remark nanomaterial applications in construction sector, and finally to expand awareness in this regard. Design/Methodology/Approach This study consisted in reviewing existing nanomaterials in the curtain wall system applications through projects, and conducting a survey. A preliminary letter and a 14-question survey were prepared. This study covers aluminum composite and glass curtain wall suppliers which were contacted by email. Face to face interviews were made with those who could not be reached by e-mail. The survey that was formed by the authors was sent to 68 participants working in the aluminum composite and glass curtain wall companies operating in the construction sector. Findings The findings of the study show that there are a limited number of structures using nanomaterials in Turkey. While these materials are used in many different parts of the structures, the most preferred in the outer shell design of the buildings (curtain wall systems).The construction sector should be considered as one of the critical sectors where nanotechnology can be practiced. Research Limitations/Implications The paper contains the normal limitations associated with the survey method including potential non-response bias. Practical Implications Potential of nanotechnology applications is growing in the construction field. There are large numbers of nanotechnology applications in the sector. However, construction sector is a traditional and cost oriented industry, rather than a technology focused sector. High cost of nanotechnology-based materials is a major obstacle to applications of nanotechnology in the construction sector. Even though some steps have been taken in the field of nanotechnology, the sector should be supported with incentives by government and research institutions. Social Implications The construction sector is the largest sector that causes environmental problems through construction, operation and maintenance of buildings. Due to its potential contribution to sustainability, it makes nanotechnology one of the most promising technologies in the green building area. Nanotechnology has much to offer the construction industry as it moves towards a more sustainable future. The effects of nanotechnological materials on the environment and human health are not clearly defined yet. More studies needed about that. Originality/Value Performing such a study is considered to be crucial for construction sector of developed and developing countries, so that the construction sector also avails benefits from this revolutionary technology.

PurposeApplication of nanotechnology in construction sector brings innovation to building materials like self-cleaning and antifog. These features make it possible to shorten the maintenance and repair periods of building materials, and thereby reduce maintenance costs. The development of environmentally friendly building materials become very important to reduce air pollution and adverse effects. The competitiveness of companies in the construction sector is based on technological developments. Now, it is possible to reduce costs and respond to various customer demands owing to new technologies. Nanotechnology affects many sectors as a technology that contributes significantly to the development of the properties of materials, and it has also found its place in the construction sector. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of nanomaterials used in the construction sector in the context of glass and curtain wall systems. Also, the aims of this paper are to reveal the advantages of nanomaterials by examining the differences between the traditional and the nanotechnology applications used in glass and curtain wall systems, to remark nanomaterial applications in construction sector, and finally to expand awareness in this regard.Design/Methodology/ApproachThis study consisted in reviewing existing nanomaterials in the curtain wall system applications through projects, and conducting a survey. A preliminary letter and a 14-question survey were prepared. This study covers aluminum composite and glass curtain wall suppliers which were contacted by email. Face to face interviews were made with those who could not be reached by e-mail. The survey that was formed by the authors was sent to 68 participants working in the aluminum composite and glass curtain wall companies operating in the construction sector.FindingsThe findings of the study show that there are a limited number of structures using nanomaterials in Turkey. While these materials are used in many different parts of the structures, the most preferred in the outer shell design of the buildings (curtain wall systems).The construction sector should be considered as one of the critical sectors where nanotechnology can be practiced.Research Limitations/ImplicationsThe paper contains the normal limitations associated with the survey method including potential non-response bias.Practical ImplicationsPotential of nanotechnology applications is growing in the construction field. There are large numbers of nanotechnology applications in the sector. However, construction sector is a traditional and cost oriented industry, rather than a technology focused sector. High cost of nanotechnology-based materials is a major obstacle to applications of nanotechnology in the construction sector. Even though some steps have been taken in the field of nanotechnology, the sector should be supported with incentives by government and research institutions.Social ImplicationsThe construction sector is the largest sector that causes environmental problems through construction, operation and maintenance of buildings. Due to its potential contribution to sustainability, it makes nanotechnology one of the most promising technologies in the green building area. Nanotechnology has much to offer the construction industry as it moves towards a more sustainable future. The effects of nanotechnological materials on the environment and human health are not clearly defined yet. More studies needed about that.Originality/ValuePerforming such a study is considered to be crucial for construction sector of developed and developing countries, so that the construction sector also avails benefits from this revolutionary technology.