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The relevance of the study is due to the crisis of modern pension insurance systems and the need to change the paradigm of pension legislation development. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in several countries (France, Great Britain, and Russia) at the initial stage of development (before 1914). The novelty is expressed both in the formulation of the problem and in the research methodology (the choice of countries and the period of research, the justification for the use of methods: dialectics, analysis, synthesis, system-structural, sociological, statistical, historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal). The result of the study was the conclusions about the historical conditionality of the peculiarities of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in a particular country. There was early legalization of both voluntary and compulsory pension insurance in France. There was no legislation on pension insurance in the UK during the period under review, despite the early development of relevant institutions in the framework of workshops, guilds, and later in the framework of trade unions and "friendly societies". In Russia, due to the agrarian nature of the economy, pension insurance did not develop within the framework of workshops and guilds; there were no laws on insurance in case of old age by 1914, while the risks of disability and loss of the breadwinner were regulated by law. ; El estudio analiza la crisis de los sistemas modernos pensionales y establece la necesidad de cambiar el paradigma de la legislación de pensiones. El objetivo del estudio consiste en identificar las características de la legislación sobre los seguros pensionales de varios estados (Francia, Reino Unido y Rusia) partiendo de su etapa inicial hasta 1914. La novedad se expresa tanto en la formulación del problema como en la metodología de investigación (selección de países y período de estudio, justificación de la aplicación de los métodos: dialéctico, de análisis, de síntesis, sistémico-estructural, sociológico, estadístico, histórico-legal, comparativo-legal, formal-legal). Como resultado del estudio se llegó a conclusiones sobre el condicionamiento histórico de las características de la formación de la legislación sobre el seguro de pensiones de un país en particular. En Francia, se promulgó una legislación temprana sobre el seguro de pension voluntario y también obligatorio en Francia. En el Reino Unido, durante el período que se examina, no había legislación sobre seguros de pensiones, a pesar del desarrollo temprano de las instituciones pertinentes dentro de los talleres, gremios y, posteriormente, dentro de la actividad de los sindicatos y las «sociedades fraternales». En Rusia, debido a la naturaleza agraria de la economía, el seguro de pensiones en el marco de los talleres y gremios nunca funcionó; en 1914 se adolecía de leyes sobre el seguro de vejez, mientras que los riesgos de discapacidad y la pérdida del sostén de la familia se regulaban por ley.

The article discusses the pragmalinguistic phenomenon 'subtext' in today's political discourse. It seeks to review a number of examples that demonstrate semantic, syntactic and pragmatic aspects of the "linguistics of lies", or more precisely, accentuate the distinction between conventional and communicative implicatures. The varieties of subtext refer either to euphemization processes and inflated meanings, or to stealth persuasion strategies resting on the use of jargon and bureaucratese. In most analyzed cases of the first cluster, there is an abundance of words with a positive connotation, but with vague subject semantics, which often helps the politician distract the audience from the actual meaning of things. The second cluster of examples highlights the problem of bad style on the part of a person endowed with power. Subtext studies may thus, on the one hand, be of interest to researchers of neo-rhetoric, semantics, and semiotics, and, on the other hand, to instructors and learners of English stylistics.

The authors study the features of the of legal language use in the conditions of socio-political transformations. The use of various legal terms in the revolutionary periods of the formation of the Russian state and law from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century is analyzed

The authors study the features of the of legal language use in the conditions of socio-political transformations. The use of various legal terms in the revolutionary periods of the formation of the Russian state and law from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century is analyzed. It is noted that a whole layer of terms reflecting new realities appeared in the legal language after the October Revolution; this fact allowed legal drafters to use them as a political tool, to formulate legal norms in such a way that they fit into the overall political agenda. In turn, the collapse of the Soviet Union also led to a radical change in social and political relations, the total destruction of the established legal system. Significant changes occurred in the legal language. The authors make the conclusion that the legal language is a kind of a conductor of political will and in some case the tool for manipulating the content of legal norms. Legal language is an indicator of social and political transformations. Emerging new words reflect the emerging social relations, demonstrate a new political course, chosen in one or another period of state development.