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THE LAUSANNE TREATY WHICH WAS SIGNED ON 24 JULY 1923, FORMALIZED THE DE FACTO DIVISION OF KURDISH-INHABITED LANDS AMONG TURKEY, IRAQ AND SYRIA. THIS ARTICLE SHOWS WHY THE KURDS WERE USED AS PAWNS DURING THE LAUSANNE NEGOTIATIONS, HOW THEIR LANDS WERE FORCIBLY INCORPORATED INTO IRAQ AND TURKEY, AND FINALLY HOW THE LAUSANNE NEGOTIATIONS AFFECTED BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS THE KURDS IN NORTHERN IRAQ. LIGHT IS THROWN ON THE ROOTS OF THE PRESENT DAY KURDISH PROBLEM IN NORTHERN IRAQ.

This study presents a model-driven approach to enhance the efficiency of sago drying utilizing a two-dimensional fluidized bed dryer (FBD). ANSYS® DesignModelerTM 2020 R2 software was employed to simulate the drying profile, considering variations in sago bagasse particle diameter (ranging from 500 to 2000 µm), hot air temperature (ranging from 50 to 90 °C), and inlet air velocity (ranging from 1.5 to 2.1 m/s). The simulation results provided valuable insights into the interplay between these critical drying parameters. The model enabled the prediction of moisture content profiles during the sago drying process under different conditions, thereby facilitating comprehension of the system's behavior. Using Design Expert® 7.00 (DX7), considering energy efficiency and product quality, an optimal set of conditions for sago drying was determined at 2000 µm, 90 °C and 2.1 m/s. This approach not only streamlined the drying process but also significantly reduced energy consumption while ensuring consistent and high-quality sago. The findings of this research offer a practical and sustainable solution for sago producers, which, when applied, can contribute to improved product quality, reduced production costs, and enhanced food security in the region. Furthermore, the model-driven approach and the integration of specialized software tools demonstrate the potential for broader applications in optimizing various drying processes in the food industry.

The research aims to identify trends in satisfaction of the families of kindergarten children in regard to their upbringing, nurture, education and level of care. For families satisfied with their child's kindergarten experience, I.e.: the kindergarten teacher, their capabilities, the equipment available, the activities practiced by the children, the educational work in the kindergarten, the level of cooperation between the families and kindergarten itself, etc. This should shed some light on the relation between parents as well as the distinctions within the kindergartens themselves. The study sample consisted of 120 Individuals representing the families of children enrolled in the governmental kindergartens through the Ministry of Education as well as many of the typical kindergartens found in of Al-zhar, Al-Azhar Al-Sharif in Cairo and Dakahlia. To achieve the objectives of this study, they applied the questionnaire to members of the sample containing special words. The words were used to analyze what trends developed. The results of the study showed many positive responses from these families describing the degree of their satisfaction with the kindergarten represented. The study showed their level of satisfaction in communicating with kindergarten teachers and the importance of equipment used as well as the capabilities of the kindergarten itself in regard to the upbringing, education, and proper care of their children. General speaking, most of the responses were positive which reflected a positive vision for the levels of satisfaction that families had with their kindergarten. The results of the study explained the important role played by these trends in order to strengthen the communication between families and kindergartens. The responses have shown the importance of allowing families to express their concerns for their children enrolled in kindergarten as well as their satisfaction towards the kindergarten itself. This process is necessary in order to allow them to take stand on a lot of problems that exist in the kindergarten system, by allowing them to have an active role in the education of their children. Also, it showed the necessity of the interaction between the family and the kindergartens themselves to contribute to the overall upbringing. education, teaching, and care for kindergarten children

The study aims to determine the effect of population growth and unemployment status in Zanzibar from 1990 to 2020. Descriptive analysis was used to investigate the normality of variables used and VECM estimation was used to estimate the results. In long run, the findings from this study revealed that, population growth contribute positively to increase the unemployment problem by 5.2 percent, however, the GDP per capita and inflation shown to reduce unemployment problem by 0.3 and 0.7 percent respectively. For the case of short run, population growth, Inflation and GDP per capita found to have positive contribution to increase the unemployment problem in Zanzibar by 0.55, 0.01, and 0.22 percent respectively. The findings also confirm the presence of unidirectional Granger causality from population growth to unemployment. Therefore, the study concludes that, population growth is among the factor that increase the unemployment rate in Zanzibar. Based on the study results, it is recommended that, Government should emphasize family planning and human capital investment, since it leads to generate the healthier and skilled labours who can compete in labour market and easily employed.