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Information was collected by interviews with work-group supervisors & questionnaires given to employees in those work groups for 20 large white-collar employers; 130 supervisors & 1,308 employees responded. There was substantial sexual segregation across jobs; jobs were classed as 'M' or 'F' according to whether the proportion of Ms exceeded the marginal proportion of Ms in the sample. The differences in mean income between M & F jobs was $2,250. There are striking differences in the relative importance of different characteristics for income determination for M & F jobs, all of the unstandardized coefficients being higher for Ms except for infrequency of supervision. Of the $2,250 difference in income, difference in work characteristics & in qualifications account for $608 altogether. While the intercept is higher for F jobs, the slope is sufficiently great so that even the lowest paying M jobs pay more than F jobs. 4 Tables. W. H. Stoddard.

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine female labor force participation and its determinants in rural and urban China. The sociological literature has demonstrated that participation tends to increase in urban and industrialized places where women have higher levels of education and fewer children, where more workers are engaged in service pursuits, and where family structure is less traditional. With the use of data on counties and cities (N = 2,377) from the I‐percent sample of the 1982 census of the People's Republic of China, it was found that female labor force participation is likely to rise in areas with increased agricultural employment, educational levels, proportion of female‐headed households, and higher male‐to‐female sex ratios. Both the size of the service sector and the fertility rate had negligible effects on female labor force participation. Although, on average, rural places have slightly higher levels of female labor force participation, when other variables are controlled, urban places have a higher rate of female participation. In addition, the findings suggest that market factors (i.e., education) are more likely to determine the rate of female labor force participation in urban areas; whereas demographic and social factors (i.e., sex ratio and household structure) play a more important role in explaining the female labor force participation in rural counties.