Suchergebnisse

Preliminary Material /Anna Brożek , Alicja Chybińska , Jacek Jadacki and Jan Woleński -- Introduction /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Achievements of the Warsaw Logical School /Jan Woleński -- Syntactic Categories and Types: Ajdukiewicz and Modern Categorial Grammars /Wojciech Buszkowski -- Truth-Theories in the Lvov-Warsaw School /Jan Woleński -- Questions and Cognition. On Erotetic Reasoning with Reference to some Ajdukiewicz's Ideas /Anna Brożek -- Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz on Semiotic Defects /Alicja Chybińska -- Kazimierz Twardowski on Metaphysics /Ryszard Kleszcz -- Kazimierz Twardowski on Philosophy and Science /Anna Brożek -- On Czesław Lejewski's Ontology /Mariusz Grygianiec -- On Tadeusz Kotarbinski's Reism and the Praxiological Theory of Action /Marta Zaręba -- Applying the Theory of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and Józef M. Bochenski to the Formulation of an Ontological Thesis. A Sketch of Non-Endurantistic Semantics /Aleksandra Horecka -- The Humanistic Traits of Psychology at the Lvov--Warsaw School /Teresa Rzepa -- Empirical Psychology in Lvov. Between Clandestine Laboratory and Psychology without Tools /Wioletta Miśkiewicz -- Bronisław Bandrowski. A Disrupted Thread in Polish Analytical Thought /Piotr Surma -- Stefan Baley and the Lvov-Warsaw School /Stepan Ivanyk -- Classication of Mental Acts in Works of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz /Natalia Miklaszewska -- Jakub Karpinski in the Orbit of the Lvov-Warsaw School /Jacek Jadacki -- Tradition of the Lvov-Warsaw School in the Second Half of the 20th Century in Poland /Jacek Jadacki.

Abstract
The article presents interpersonal relations and mutual influences between German logician Heinrich Scholz and Polish scholars, first of all Jan Łukasiewicz. The background for presenting these relationships consists of reflections on the development of logic in Poland and various conceptions of how to apply logic to philosophical issues. Firstly, Jan Łukasiewicz's program of logicisation of philosophy and his search for allies is presented. Secondly, the forms of cooperation between Łukasiewicz and Scholz, as well as contacts between the latter and other Polish scholars are sketched. Finally, forms of Scholz's help to Polish friends during the tumultuous period of World War II are examined. The article provides also some reflections on the approach to logic in various European centers of analytic philosophy and historical comments on the continuity of philosophical and logical schools.

AbstractIn this article, Józef M. Bocheński is presented as a representative of the methodological tendencies of the Lvov–Warsaw School (LWS). Special attention is given to the reconstructive analysis of concepts, the categorial trait of this procedure, and examples of its application by Bocheński. First, some historical and substantial arguments are presented for including Bocheński in the LWS. Secondly, the procedure of the reconstruction of concepts applied in the LWS is characterized. Then the attention turns to the categorial trait of the analysis as indicated by Bocheński. Finally, two examples of Bocheński's categorial reconstruction of concepts are presented. The article ends with a recapitulation and general remarks.

The main intuitions underlying presented analyses may be expressed as follows. Any question
corresponds to a certain incomplete image of situation – an image with a gap – and expresses
the will of filling this gap. For example, the question "Who loves Isolde?" refers to the image of
the situation in which the relation of love occurs; Isolde is the second argument of this relation,
and the first argument of it is "empty". Asking "Who loves Isolde?" we express our desire of
filling the gap.
To identify correctly ontic correlates of questions we ought to accept the view that semantic
function of questions consists in indicate a certain image of situation and questioner's attitude to
this image.
On the basis of these assumptions, semantic functions of questions as well as many other
important erotetic notions are explicated. Analyses are illustrated by fragments from Roman
Ingarden's famous work "Essential questions" ("Essentiale Fragen").

The Lvov-Warsaw School was one of the most important currents in the 20th-century analytical movement. Kazimierz Twardowski, a student Franz Brentano and a professor of philosophy in Lvov, was the founder and at the same time an outstanding representative of the School. The papers included into the volume present comprehensively Twardowski's views and indicate what his lasting contribution to philosophy consists of.

Preliminary Material /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- On the Need to Philosophize /Izydora Dąmbska -- On the Meaning of the History of Science for Philosophy /Izydora Dąmbska -- On Duality in the Aspect of Being and Cognition and on the Tendency to Overcome this Duality as the Basis for Philosophical Trends and Standpoints /Izydora Dąmbska -- A Few Remarks on Cognitive Values /Izydora Dąmbska -- Is Intersubjective Similarity of Sensory Impressions a Necessary Assumption in Natural Sciences? /Izydora Dąmbska -- Irrationalism and Scientific Cognition /Izydora Dąmbska -- Conventionalism and Relativism /Izydora Dąmbska -- Skepticism and Agnosticism in Contemporary Epistemology /Izydora Dąmbska -- On the Kinds of Skepticism /Izydora Dąmbska -- Philosophical Skepticism and the Scientific Method /Izydora Dąmbska -- On Some Methods of Justifying Sentences about Future Events /Izydora Dąmbska -- A Few Remarks on Reasoning by Analogy /Izydora Dąmbska -- Laws of Physics and the Postulate of Truthfulness of Scientific Statements /Izydora Dąmbska -- On Prospective Definitions /Izydora Dąmbska -- Logical Division and Definition /Izydora Dąmbska -- Some Notions of Grammar in View of Logic /Izydora Dąmbska -- On Semiotic Conventions /Izydora Dąmbska -- Symbol /Izydora Dąmbska -- On the Philosophy of Proper Names /Izydora Dąmbska -- Regarding the So-Called Empty Names /Izydora Dąmbska -- On the Semantics of Adjectives /Izydora Dąmbska -- On the Semantics of Conditional Sentences /Izydora Dąmbska -- The Conception of Language and Truth /Izydora Dąmbska -- On Namelessness /Izydora Dąmbska -- Silence as an Expression and as a Value /Izydora Dąmbska -- On the Semiotic Functions of Silence /Izydora Dąmbska -- On the Notion of Understanding /Izydora Dąmbska -- When I Think of the Word "Freedom". /Izydora Dąmbska -- Editorial Afterword: Izydora Dąmbska – A Steadfast Thinker /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Bibliography /Izydora Dąmbska -- Name Index /Izydora Dąmbska.

We assume that the imperative reasoning is a reasoning containing at least one step which is an
imperative (or rather its content). At the same time, we understand the term "imperative" as
a synonym of "imperative sentence". We assume that in its main usage, imperatives express
a certain volitional act: namely, a will of realizing a certain state of affairs. In our opinion, such
characterization is related to the contents of imperatives; we call these contents "prescriptions",
remembering that in untypical usages prescriptions are not expressed by imperatives.
Traditional approach to the processes of reasoning takes into account only these mental
processes steps of which are declaratives or declarative sentences (or rather their contents – i.e.
judgments). If processes of imperative reasoning are to belong to the range of the term
"reasoning", the notion of reasoning has to receive a new, enlarging explication. We propose such
an explication in the paper.

Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I The Lvov-Warsaw School and Manifestations of Its Historical Importance -- 1 Logical Philosophy, Anti-irrationalism, and Gender Equality: Three Positives of the Lvov-Warsaw Enlightenment -- 1.1 Is the Lvov-Warsaw School Still Significant for Our Day? -- 1.2 The Ills of Philosophy -- 1.3 Logical Philosophy contra Silly Philosophy -- 1.4 Anti-irrationalism contra Darkness -- 1.5 Gender Equality contra Inequality and Abuse -- 1.6 A Plea for Enlightenment -- References -- 2 How to Speak About History of Analytic Philosophy -- References -- 3 The Lvov-Warsaw School as a Multicultural Phenomenon. Ukrainian Aspect -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Ukrainian Aspect in the Socio-cultural Environment of Twardowski's School -- 3.3 Twardowski's Relations with Ukrainians -- 3.4 Summary -- References -- Part II The Lvov-Warsaw School and Its Austro-German Affinities -- 4 Brentanian Motives in Kazimierz Twardowski and His Students -- References -- 5 Metaphysics and the Logical Analysis of `Nothing' -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 A Psychological Investigation of Intentionality -- 5.3 The Logical Analysis of `Nothing' -- 5.4 Metaphysics -- References -- 6 The Brentanian Inspirations in Tadeusz Czeżowski's Philosophy -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Metaphilosophy -- 6.3 Metaphysics -- 6.4 Epistemology -- 6.5 Philosophy of Language -- 6.6 Logic -- 6.7 Metaethics -- 6.8 Applied Ethics -- References -- 7 The Lvov-Warsaw School and Austro-German Philosophers. Two Cases -- 7.1 Alexius Meinong -- 7.1.1 Meinongian Presence in the Polish Philosophical Life -- 7.1.2 The Main Meinongian Ideas Commented on by Polish Philosophers -- 7.1.2.1 Ontological Theses -- 7.1.2.2 Semiotic Theses -- 7.1.2.3 Psychological Theses -- 7.1.3 Against incompatibilia -- 7.1.4 Against Abstract Objects -- 7.1.5 Against Various Modes of Being

Preliminary Material /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Opening Lecture at the Lvov University /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Address at the Inauguration of the Polish Philosophical Society in Lvov /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- How to Study Philosophy? /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- On Scientific Preparation for Philosophy /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- On the Method of Psychology. An Introduction to the Comparative Methodology of Scientific Research /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- On Prejudices /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Independence of Thinking /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- On Mistakes of Thinking /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- On the Notion of Education /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Psychology of Thinking /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- The Theory of Judgments /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- On Formal Truth /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Contemporary Philosophy on the Immortality of the Soul /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Metaphysics of the Soul /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- What does "Experiential" Mean? /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- What does "Physical" Mean? /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Ethics and the Theory of Evolution /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- On Ethical Skepticism /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Ethics, Criminal Law and the Problem of Free Will /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Does Man Always Behave Egoistically? /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Pessimism and Optimism /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Truthfulness as Ethical Obligation /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- On Experimental Aesthetics /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- From the Aesthetics of Music /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Socrates /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Thomas Aquinas /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Spencer and Leibniz /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Friedrich Nietzsche /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Bergson's Oxford Lectures /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Bibliography /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki -- Name Index /Anna Brożek and Jacek Jadacki.