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BackgroundThe number of American children with a mother who is incarcerated increased by 131% between 1991 and 2007, impacting more than one million children. Because of increased focus on the problems surrounding parents in prison, there has been a growing recognition of how incarceration negatively impacts children and that repairing these relationships is critical to improving family functioning.ObjectiveThe focus of this article is to present a community-based participatory study that measured the impact of a support group provided to mothers during incarceration.MethodsIn this pilot study we used a nonexperimental design for an 8-week support group assessed at baseline and post intervention.FindingsThis study demonstrated favorable results in forming social connections and promoting positive communication between group members.ConclusionCommunity-based organizations, which offer support to parents, grandparents, and children impacted by incarceration, need continual funding.

Purpose
Although some research has been done with entertainment workers in KTV bars, little has been done to gain a qualitative understanding of the vulnerabilities of masseuse women. This is due to a prevalent focus on girls under 18 years, thereby excluding most masseuses. The purpose of this paper is to understand the reality of life as perceived by Phnom Penh's female masseuses in the lower-priced massage parlors is therefore largely unknown.


Design/methodology/approach
In total, 98 female participants completed an interview answering both open and closed questions concerning relationships, stigma and discrimination and personal sexual abuse among other topics.


Findings
This study finds that many women working in the massage parlor industry are vulnerable to various threats, including sexual exploitation and abuse. Dependency structures within the massage parlor as well as with their families seem to play a key role in the life situations that can be positive as well as negative, and in some cases both.


Research limitations/implications
This is not a prevalence study so all figures are tentative. The women were deeply concerned that they might be stigmatized further so they may not have revealed the extent of their challenges.


Practical implications
More research and work with this vulnerable group is vital. They should be recognized as a vulnerable group who have rights.


Social implications
The findings provide a baseline evaluation of the vulnerable conditions of the massage industry for women in Cambodia. Specifically, that stigma, discrimination, physical and sexual abuse, as well as a lack of access to education are all vulnerabilities not commonly covered, especially with adult women working in the entertainment industry.


Originality/value
Understanding the reality of life as perceived by Phnom Penh's female masseuses in the lower-priced massage parlors is therefore largely unknown so a study of this kind is necessary.

Purpose
Although some research has been done with entertainment workers in KTV bars, little has been done to gain a qualitative understanding of the vulnerabilities of masseuse women. This is due to a prevalent focus on girls under 18 years, thereby excluding most masseuses. The paper aims to discuss these issues.


Design/methodology/approach
In total, 98 female participants completed an interview answering both open and closed questions concerning relationships, stigma and discrimination and personal sexual abuse among other topics.


Findings
This study finds that many women working in the massage parlor industry are vulnerable to various threats, including sexual exploitation and abuse. Dependency structures within the massage parlor as well as with their families seem to play a key role in the life situations that can be positive as well as negative, and in some cases both.


Social implications
The findings provide a baseline evaluation of the vulnerable conditions of the massage industry for women in Cambodia. Specifically, that stigma, discrimination, physical and sexual abuse, as well as a lack of access to education are all vulnerabilities not commonly covered, especially with adult women working in the entertainment industry. This research has been adapted from the original transcript "Strive, No Matter What" (Miles et al., 2014).


Originality/value
The paper seeks to understand the reality of life and vulnerabilities as perceived by Phnom Penh's female masseuses in the lower-priced massage parlors which is largely unknown.

AbstractPregnant individuals are often excluded from research without clear justification, even when the research poses minimal risk of harm to the fetus. Little is known about institutional review board (IRB) decision‐making practices when reviewing such research. We conducted a survey of current and former IRB personnel in the United States to elicit their interpretations of "minimal risk"—a formal regulatory category—and to identify factors that may influence IRB decisions to approve or disapprove research involving pregnant participants. Study results revealed some consensus among IRB members about the risk level of individual research procedures and hypothetical study vignettes. However, we uncovered important variations not only in the assessment of risk but also in the willingness of IRB members to approve minimal risk research that includes pregnant women. Based on our findings, guidance is needed to assist IRB members in characterizing risk, applying federal regulations, and appropriately ensuring the inclusion or justified exclusion of pregnant people in research.