Search results

The aim of the article is to identify factors influencing the formation of new enterprises, with particular emphasis on the border regions of Eastern Poland, which are among the least developed ones in terms of entrepreneurship. The analysis of enterprises functioning in Eastern Poland in the years 2007—2017 was performed using log-linear (power) model, estimated on the basis of data from the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland.
The results of the conducted research showed that the development of entrepreneurship in border regions of Eastern Poland is conditioned by different factors than in voivodships with a higher level of entrepreneurship.

The main aim of this article is to present deliberations on the importance of necessity-derived and opportunity-based entrepreneurship for the economy and to try to answer the question which of those types of entrepreneurship makes the economic system resilient at the time of crises and which one has an adverse impact. The GEM research on the motivation of entrepreneurs is the starting point for the research carried out in this paper. It has been resolved that any further econometric analysis (by means of the dynamic models) would cover European countries for which the complete GEM test results are available for a period of minimum 10 years, therefore the period covered by the study includes the years between 2009 and 2021. Based on the calculated correlation index between the entrepreneurship index and the GEM index (percentage of the population aged 18-64 who see good opportunities to start a business in their place of residence), two groups of countries were identified entrepreneurship results from necessity - derived and opportunity - based. In the light of the push theory and the conducted econometric studies, the crisis caused by COVID-19 will probably result in the development of some sectors of the economy or completely new ones will arise in those economies.

The article aims toreview the changes that have taken place inthe European and global TCLF (Textiles‑Clothing‑Leather‑Footwear) sector over the last decade from the perspective ofnew requirements ofpursuing acircular and, especially inrecent years, adigital economy. The paper describes the changes inthe components ofthis industry (formerly called the light industry) inthe European Union and the world economy inthe context ofsustainable development requirements and the effects ofclimate change. Recent European and global programs mainly aim toachieve the circular economy's strict requirements, including reducing pressure onnatural resources, toachieve climate neutrality bythe end of2050. This positive change for our planet isalso supported bythe pursuit ofthe development ofthe digital economy. ; Celem artykułu jest przegląd zmian dokonujących się weuropejskim iświatowym sektorze TCLF (włókienniczym, odzieżowym, skórzanym iobuwniczym) naprzestrzeni ostatniego dziesięciolecia zpunktu widzenia nowych wymogów dążenia dogospodarki cyrkularnej awostatnich latach dogospodarki cyfrowej. Wartykule przeprowadzono charakterystykę zmian wczęściach składowych tego przemysłu (nazywanego wprzeszłości przemysłem lekkim), wUnii Europejskiej oraz wgospodarce światowej wkontekście wymogów zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz niwelowania skutków niekorzystnych zmian klimatycznych. Wostatnich programach europejskich iświatowych chodzi bowiem głównie oosiągnięcie surowych wymogów gospodarki cyrkularnej, wtym zwłaszcza nazmniejszenie presji nazasoby naturalne oosiągnięcie celu neutralności klimatycznej dokońca 2050r. Tym pozytywnym dla naszej planety zmianom, sprzyja również dążenie dorozwoju gospodarki cyfrowej.

The article aims to review the changes that have taken place in the European and global TCLF (Textiles‑Clothing‑Leather‑Footwear) sector over the last decade from the perspective of new requirements of pursuing a circular and, especially in recent years, a digital economy. The paper describes the changes in the components of this industry (formerly called the light industry) in the European Union and the world economy in the context of sustainable development requirements and the effects of climate change. Recent European and global programs mainly aim to achieve the circular economy's strict requirements, including reducing pressure on natural resources, to achieve climate neutrality by the end of 2050. This positive change for our planet is also supported by the pursuit of the development of the digital economy. ; Celem artykułu jest przegląd zmian dokonujących się w europejskim i światowym sektorze TCLF (włókienniczym, odzieżowym, skórzanym i obuwniczym) na przestrzeni ostatniego dziesięciolecia z punktu widzenia nowych wymogów dążenia do gospodarki cyrkularnej a w ostatnich latach do gospodarki cyfrowej. W artykule przeprowadzono charakterystykę zmian w częściach składowych tego przemysłu (nazywanego w przeszłości przemysłem lekkim), w Unii Europejskiej oraz w gospodarce światowej w kontekście wymogów zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz niwelowania skutków niekorzystnych zmian klimatycznych. W ostatnich programach europejskich i światowych chodzi bowiem głównie o osiągnięcie surowych wymogów gospodarki cyrkularnej, w tym zwłaszcza na zmniejszenie presji na zasoby naturalne o osiągnięcie celu neutralności klimatycznej do końca 2050 r. Tym pozytywnym dla naszej planety zmianom, sprzyja również dążenie do rozwoju gospodarki cyfrowej.

The aim of the article: The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic made it necessary to involve the state in the process of rescuing numerous business entities from bankruptcy. In the European Union, the aid measure for entrepreneurs takes a form of public aid, which, as it turns out, is the necessary and the only tool to protect SME sector enterprises against bankruptcy. Social isolation caused by the virus that spread on a large scale effectively inhibited the development of entrepreneurship, which is inherently related to the economic development of countries. The aim of the article is therefore to indicate that supporting entrepreneurs within the framework of public aid may help to reverse the unfavorable economic trends related to the disturbed development of entrepreneurship. Methodology: The article analyzes and assesses the government solutions introduced to the Polish economic reality, the purpose of which is to counteract the effects of Covid-19. The paper presents the current public aid tools available to entrepreneurs along with their financial dimension. Results of the research: State aid granted by the state to entrepreneurs during the crisis caused by Covid-19 is indispensable for their further functioning. The paper presents aid instruments related to COVID-19 that are available to entrepreneurs. The analysis shows that public aid addressed to entrepreneurs injured as a result of the lockdown comes from many sources and is almost tailored to the individual entrepreneur. The entities providing aid on the basis of state aid include: banks, local government units, executive bodies of local government units, Social Insurance Fund, State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled People, financial intermediaries, bodies constituting local government units, the European Investment Bank, Polish Development Fund, district and voivodeship labor offices and BGK (Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego). Having prepared a package of systemic solutions, the government introduced them systematically, depending on the situation of individual sectors of the economy. Special solutions in the form of financial shields were addressed directly to the tourism sector (e.g. loans for tour operators) or the catering sector, which in the face of the pandemic were most exposed to a decrease in revenues. The impact of introduced solutions on the country's economy can be assessed only in the next few years, but the multitude and diversified nature of the anti-crisis solutions introduced in Poland will certainly contribute to slowing down the negative consequences of Covid-19 in the economy.

The aim of the article: The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic made it necessary to involve the state in the process of rescuing numerous business entities from bankruptcy. In the European Union, the aid measure for entrepreneurs takes a form of public aid, which, as it turns out, is the necessary and the only tool to protect SME sector enterprises against bankruptcy. Social isolation caused by the virus that spread on a large scale effectively inhibited the development of entrepreneurship, which is inherently related to the economic development of countries. The aim of the article is therefore to indicate that supporting entrepreneurs within the framework of public aid may help to reverse the unfavorable economic trends related to the disturbed development of entrepreneurship.Methodology: The article analyzes and assesses the government solutions introduced to the Polish economic reality, the purpose of which is to counteract the effects of Covid-19. The paper presents the current public aid tools available to entrepreneurs along with their financial dimension.Results of the research: State aid granted by the state to entrepreneurs during the crisis caused by Covid-19 is indispensable for their further functioning. The paper presents aid instruments related to COVID-19 that are available to entrepreneurs. The analysis shows that public aid addressed to entrepreneurs injured as a result of the lockdown comes from many sources and is almost tailored to the individual entrepreneur. The entities providing aid on the basis of state aid include: banks, local government units, executive bodies of local government units, Social Insurance Fund, State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled People, financial intermediaries, bodies constituting local government units, the European Investment Bank, Polish Development Fund, district and voivodeship labor offices and BGK (Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego). Having prepared a package of systemic solutions, the government introduced them systematically, depending on the situation of individual sectors of the economy. Special solutions in the form of financial shields were addressed directly to the tourism sector (e.g. loans for tour operators) or the catering sector, which in the face of the pandemic were most exposed to a decrease in revenues. The impact of introduced solutions on the country's economy can be assessed only in the next few years, but the multitude and diversified nature of the anti-crisis solutions introduced in Poland will certainly contribute to slowing down the negative consequences of Covid-19 in the economy.