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THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE ROLE PLAYED BY ISSUES AND PEOPLE'S EVALUATIONS OF THE PARTIES' POSITIONS ON DIFFERENT ISSUES IN THE ELECTORAL PROCESS. THE MOST IMPORTANT INFLUENCES ARE THE EFFECTS OF PEOPLE'S ISSUE POSITIONS ON THEIR EVALUATIONS OF THE PARTIES AND THE INFLUENCE OF THESE EVALUATIONS ON PARTY IDENTIFICATION. IT ALSO DEALS WITH THE ELECTORAL PROCESS AND THE DETERMINATION OF PUBLIC POLICY.

Variables that expand real options models provide interfaces by which entrepreneurs may view prospective ventures, or resources. Factors affecting real option values extend from the external environment of a venture and are forms of various terms of business between entrepreneurs, the venture, and the external environment. The identification of interfaces increases the resulting value of a real option and provides entrepreneurs information by which to structure ventures that extract value from arbitrage and innovation opportunities.

Briefly sketches the history of formal education in major institutes and professional associations and international co-operation in the social sciences in Ireland. Concludes that its development has been relatively late, slow and small when compared with the metropolitan countries of Europe. (GAW)