Šiame straipsnyje, remiantis 2019–2022 metais atliktu empiriniu tyrimu Kazachstane, analizuojamas vienas negatyvios formalios socialinės kontrolės instrumentų – nepageidautiną individų ir socialinių grupių elgesį viešosiose erdvėse draudžiantys ženklai. Tyrime taikyta etnografijos ir vizualios sociologijos metodologinės prieigos: stebėji mas nedalyvaujant ir viešųjų erdvių bei jose esančių draudžiamųjų ženklų fiksavimas pasitelkiant fotografavimą. Straipsnyje pristatomi ir analizuojami vizualūs duomenys – fotografijos. Ši analizė papildoma stebėjimo nedalyvaujant įžvalgomis. Teigiama, kad kasdienį gyvenimą viešosiose erdvėse reglamentuojančių mikrolygmens formalių taisyklių gausa rodo patriarchalinį nepasitikėjimu grįstą valdžios ir žmonių santykį, o griežtas viešosios erdvės estetikos kanonas gali būti interpretuojamas kaip sovietmečio tradicijų tąsa bei režimo legitimumo įtvirtinimo priemonė.
This article presents the findings of the research project 'Quality of Democracy and Equal Opportunities: Attitudes and Social Practice in Lithuania' funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Based on the data of a representative survey, the article analyses the perception of discrimination and attitudes towards the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities in Lithuania. The article claims that the majority of the population do not possess a clear understanding of discrimination since the term 'discrimination' in everyday language is used very broadly. Seeking help after experiencing discrimination is not widespread since many people do not know where and how to complain, they do not trust responsible institutions or tend to remain silent and do not want to get into more trouble.
This article presents original research concerning subjective security and the perception of security threats in Lithuania. It is based on an analysis of data collected during qualitative interviews conducted in 2016 within the framework of a project titled Subjective Security in Volatile Geopolitical Context: Traits, Factors, and Individual Strategies. The investigation resides upon individual-based human security theory, and it addresses the threats that individuals consider to be important, as well as the ways in which various perceptions of security form within society.
This article presents the findings of the research project 'Quality of Democracy and Equal Opportunities: Attitudes and Social Practice in Lithuania' funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Based on the data of a representative survey, the article analyses the perception of discrimination and attitudes towards the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities in Lithuania. The article claims that the majority of the population do not possess a clear understanding of discrimination since the term'discrimination' in everyday language is used very broadly. Seeking help after experiencing discrimination is not widespread since many people do not know where and how to complain, they do not trust responsible institutions or tend to remain silent and do not want to get into more trouble.
This article presents the findings of the research project 'Quality of Democracy and Equal Opportunities: Attitudes and Social Practice in Lithuania' funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Based on the data of a representative survey, the article analyses the perception of discrimination and attitudes towards the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities in Lithuania. The article claims that the majority of the population do not possess a clear understanding of discrimination since the term'discrimination' in everyday language is used very broadly. Seeking help after experiencing discrimination is not widespread since many people do not know where and how to complain, they do not trust responsible institutions or tend to remain silent and do not want to get into more trouble.
This article presents the findings of the research project 'Quality of Democracy and Equal Opportunities: Attitudes and Social Practice in Lithuania' funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Based on the data of a representative survey, the article analyses the perception of discrimination and attitudes towards the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities in Lithuania. The article claims that the majority of the population do not possess a clear understanding of discrimination since the term'discrimination' in everyday language is used very broadly. Seeking help after experiencing discrimination is not widespread since many people do not know where and how to complain, they do not trust responsible institutions or tend to remain silent and do not want to get into more trouble.
This article presents the findings of the research project 'Quality of Democracy and Equal Opportunities: Attitudes and Social Practice in Lithuania' funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Based on the data of a representative survey, the article analyses the perception of discrimination and attitudes towards the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities in Lithuania. The article claims that the majority of the population do not possess a clear understanding of discrimination since the term'discrimination' in everyday language is used very broadly. Seeking help after experiencing discrimination is not widespread since many people do not know where and how to complain, they do not trust responsible institutions or tend to remain silent and do not want to get into more trouble.
This article analyses attitudes of the Lithuanian people towards refugees, and is based on the empirical research carried out at the Institute of Sociology, Lithuanian Social Research Centre, in 2016. Taking into consideration the results of the previous research on the factors that determine the attitudes towards refugees, this article looks at the peculiarities of the attitudes of the Lithuanian people. The article argues that people are very sceptical and concerned about refugees coming to Lithuania and, in particular, tend to place first the negative consequences of migration. The attitudes of the people are determined by general intolerance towards 'other' people, as well as by the negative image of the refugees created by the media.
This article examines the role of ethnicity in the formation of political cleavage and is based on the analysis of the political agenda of the Polish national minority in Lithuania after the re-establishment of the independent state in 1990. It analyzes the political performance of the Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania (EAPL), an ethnic-based "niche" political party that tends to keep a monopoly over the representation of interests of the Polish minority in Lithuania and collects a vast majority of the votes of citizens of Polish origin. The article considers how specific in comparison to the titular nation the interests of the Polish national minority are, and how different in comparison to the political agendas of other political parties the political agenda of the EAPL is.
Based on empirical sociological research of Lithuanian migrant workers, this article analyses the problem of labour exploitation of Lithuanian nationals working in other countries of the European Union (EU). The article investigates the legal regulations of labour exploitation, forced labour, and trafficking for forced labour. It looks at the extent of labour exploitation of Lithuanian nationals abroad, and analyses actual negative experiences of labour exploitation. The article argues that migration is a key factor contributing to labour exploitation. In this article, labour exploitation is understood as a continuum ranging from less severe to more severe forms of exploitation. According to the data of the research, the common practices of labour exploitation of Lithuanian migrant workers abroad most often include unsevere forms of labour exploitation: incomplete payment of agreed wages; probational work, for which the salary is not paid or is very small; lack of employment contract; lack of overtime pay; etc. The extreme cases of severe exploitation are rare, and include physical and psychological coercion; fraud; depth bondage; restriction of movement; no payment at all; humiliating and unhuman work and living conditions; social isolation; and lack of food and sleep.
Based on empirical sociological research of Lithuanian migrant workers, this article analyses the problem of labour exploitation of Lithuanian nationals working in other countries of the European Union (EU). The article investigates the legal regulations of labour exploitation, forced labour, and trafficking for forced labour. It looks at the extent of labour exploitation of Lithuanian nationals abroad, and analyses actual negative experiences of labour exploitation. The article argues that migration is a key factor contributing to labour exploitation. In this article, labour exploitation is understood as a continuum ranging from less severe to more severe forms of exploitation. According to the data of the research, the common practices of labour exploitation of Lithuanian migrant workers abroad most often include unsevere forms of labour exploitation: incomplete payment of agreed wages; probational work, for which the salary is not paid or is very small; lack of employment contract; lack of overtime pay; etc. The extreme cases of severe exploitation are rare, and include physical and psychological coercion; fraud; depth bondage; restriction of movement; no payment at all; humiliating and unhuman work and living conditions; social isolation; and lack of food and sleep. ; В статье на основе эмпирического исследования литовских трудовых мигрантов анализируется проблема трудовой эксплуатации граждан Литвы, работающих в других странах Европейского Союза (ЕС). Подчеркивается, что эксплуатация труда является чрезвычайно ограниченым явлением в Европейском Союзе, и феномен трудовой эксплуатации европейских граждан, работающих в других странах ЕС. Автором исследуются правовые нормы эксплуатации труда, принудительного труда и торговли людьми в целях принудительного труда. Рассматриваются конкретные ситуации эксплуатации труда литовских трудящихся-мигрантов, зафиксированные в ходе исследования. Доказывается, что миграция является ключевым фактором для трудовой эксплуатации, а мигранты – наиболее уязвимой социальной группой. При этом эксплуатация труда понимается автором как континуум, который включает в себя разные формы эксплуатации, в частности «легкие» и «тяжелые». По данным исследования, проведенного автором, практики трудовой эксплуатации литовских трудящихся-мигрантов за рубежом чаще всего включают так называемые «легкие» формы эксплуатации: неполную выплату согласованной зарплаты; отсутствие платы за сверхурочную работу; испытательный срок, за которой зарплата не выплачивается, или выплачивается лишь небольшая часть; не заключается договор, и работник работает нелегально, без социальных гарантий и т.д. В крайних случаях «жестокой» эксплуатации, которые случаются редко, эксплуатация труда включает в себя физическое и психическое принуждение; мошенничество и обман; ограничение передвижения; принудительный труд без оплаты; унизительные и нечеловеческие условия жизни и работы; социальную изоляцию; отсутствие пищи и сна. ; У статті на основі емпіричного дослідження литовських трудових мігрантів аналізується проблема трудової експлуатації громадян Литви, які працюють в інших країнах Європейського Союзу (ЄС). Підкреслюється, що експлуатація праці є надзвичайно обмеженим явищем в Європейському Союзі, і феномен трудової експлуатації європейських громадян, що працюють в інших країнах ЄС. Автором досліджуються правові норми експлуатації праці, примусової праці та торгівлі людьми з метою примусової праці. Розглядаються конкретні ситуації експлуатації праці литовських трудящих-мігрантів, що зафіксовані в ході дослідження. Доводиться, що міграція є ключовим фактором для трудової експлуатації, а мігранти – найбільш вразливою соціальною групою. При цьому експлуатація праці розуміється автором як континуум, який включає в себе різні форми експлуатації, зокрема «легкі» та «важкі». За даними дослідження, проведеного автором, практики трудової експлуатації литовських трудящих-мігрантів за кордоном найчастіше включають так звані «легкі» форми експлуатації: неповну виплату узгодженої зарплати; відсутність плати за понаднормову роботу; випробувальний термін, за якої заробітна плата не виплачується, або виплачується лише невелика частина; не укладається договір, і працівник працює нелегально, без соціальних гарантій тощо. У крайніх випадках «жорстокої» експлуатації, які трапляються рідко, експлуатація праці включає в себе фізичний і психічний примус; шахрайство і обман; обмеження пересування; примусову працю без оплати; принизливі і нелюдські умови життя і роботи; соціальну ізоляцію; відсутність їжі і сну.
The goal of this article is to analyse the peculiarities of the application of comparative method in political science. The analysis focuses on the historical development of comparative research and major factors that have influenced this development, mainly, historical events, development of research techniques and advancement of the data storage and processing. The analysis covers investigation of various models of comparative research classification as well as the problems of sampling. The comparative method is frequently used in political and social research as it broadens the perspective and could improve understanding of social phenomena. Many methodological problems encountered by scientists earlier on still remain unsolved, while some new challenges have been encountered such as ethnocentrism, sampling issues and cultural biases. The major goal of this article is to promote the scientific discussions on the application of comparative method in the political science in Lithuanian language. ; Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami lyginamojo metodo panaudojimo politikos moksle savitumai. Trumpai apžvelgus lyginamųjų tyrimų vystymosi istoriją, analizuojami veiksniai, kurie turėjo įtakos tyrimų poreikiui ir plėtrai. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas lyginamųjų tyrimų klasifi kacijos analizei. Straipsnyje analizuojami keli lyginamųjų tyrimų klasifi kacijos modeliai, sukonstruoti remiantis skirtingu požiūriu į laiko ir erdvės parametrų svarbą. Taip pat analizuojama kiekybinė (tyrimo vienetų skaičiaus) klasifi kacija. Šio straipsnio tikslas – prisidėti prie lyginamosios politikos metodologijos analizės plėtojimo lietuvių kalba.
Based on empirical sociological research of Lithuanian migrant workers, this article analyses the problem of labour exploitation of Lithuanian nationals working in other countries of the European Union (EU). The article investigates the legal regulations of labour exploitation, forced labour, and trafficking for forced labour. It looks at the extent of labour exploitation of Lithuanian nationals abroad, and analyses actual negative experiences of labour exploitation. The article argues that migration is a key factor contributing to labour exploitation. In this article, labour exploitation is understood as a continuum ranging from less severe to more severe forms of exploitation. According to the data of the research, the common practices of labour exploitation of Lithuanian migrant workers abroad most often include unsevere forms of labour exploitation: incomplete payment of agreed wages; probational work, for which the salary is not paid or is very small; lack of employment contract; lack of overtime pay; etc. The extreme cases of severe exploitation are rare, and include physical and psychological coercion; fraud; depth bondage; restriction of movement; no payment at all; humiliating and unhuman work and living conditions; social isolation; and lack of food and sleep.
Based on empirical sociological research of Lithuanian migrant workers, this article analyses the problem of labour exploitation of Lithuanian nationals working in other countries of the European Union (EU). The article investigates the legal regulations of labour exploitation, forced labour, and trafficking for forced labour. It looks at the extent of labour exploitation of Lithuanian nationals abroad, and analyses actual negative experiences of labour exploitation. The article argues that migration is a key factor contributing to labour exploitation. In this article, labour exploitation is understood as a continuum ranging from less severe to more severe forms of exploitation. According to the data of the research, the common practices of labour exploitation of Lithuanian migrant workers abroad most often include unsevere forms of labour exploitation: incomplete payment of agreed wages; probational work, for which the salary is not paid or is very small; lack of employment contract; lack of overtime pay; etc. The extreme cases of severe exploitation are rare, and include physical and psychological coercion; fraud; depth bondage; restriction of movement; no payment at all; humiliating and unhuman work and living conditions; social isolation; and lack of food and sleep.
