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The introduction of women's suffrage did not lead to their proportional representation in the Dutch parliament; by the 1980s women occupied only about 25% of the seats in both chambers. A review of the literature suggests that research on this underrepresentation has usually focused on individual & institutional characteristics; however, problems of child care, the labor market, & other factors can make the political system inaccessible to women. Moreover, the selection processes of the political parties impede women's political advancement: decentralized procedures tend to minimize women's chances, while the imposition of quotas increases the likelihood of election of women candidates. 4 Figures, 41 References. M. Meeks

This text provides a broad ranging critique of the continued dominance of men in the political process. It analyses the longitudinal development of women's political representation in eight old democracies, in which women were enfranchised before and around World War I: Denmark, Iceland, Germany, the Netherlands, New Jersey (USA), New South Wales (Australia), Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

Discusses professional politicians & the political structure of the Netherlands, particularly the political class composed of Members of Parliament (MPs). The institutional context provides insight to the parliamentary structure, electoral system, & political parties, including their financing. MPs' recruitment, political career paths, & salaries are explored, & possible reforms of the political institutions are evaluated. 6 Tables, 19 References. L. Collins Leigh

Although women's right to vote was achieved seventy years ago in the Netherlands, their political representation is still limited. One strategy to elect more women to office is to found women's parties, nominating only women as candidates. In 1918 ten women's parties existed, as compared to two in 1989. Data from party documents, newspapers, & interviews with members (N not given) identify key policy goals, especially implementation of a feminist ideology stressing the differences between men & women in political values. Electoral success is not to be expected in terms of a campaign victory on the national level, but rather of advancing larger representation for women's interests & needs. 2 Tables, 28 References. Modified HA