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This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1997

Intro -- Foreword -- Table of Contents -- Comparative Research on the State and Administration in Germany and Japan: The Framework -- 1 Comparative Goals -- 2 Comparing Policies -- I Macrostructure and Macropolitics -- Post-war Politics in Japan: Bureaucracy versus the Party/Parties in Power -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pluralism and the Bureaucracy -- 3 Characteristics of the Japanese Bureaucracy -- 4 History of Japan's Bureaucracy -- 5 Maximum Mobilization and Personnel Administration -- 6 Budget Formulation: The Case for Integration -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- From State of Authority to Network State: The German State in Developmental Perspective -- 1 The German State as a Model for Meiji Japan -- 2 Institutional Continuity and Change in the German Policy -- 3 Institutional Options and "Bounded Rationality" in State-building Processes -- 4 Institutional Layers of the German Polity: Federalism and the Legacy of the Old Reich -- 5 The Administrative State and the Varieties of State Interventionism -- 6 Parliamentarism and Party Government -- 7 The Corporatist Legacies of the "Old Reich" and of the 19th Century -- 8 Ambiguities of Citizenship in the German Nation-state -- 9 The German State and European Integration -- References -- Administrative Reform in Japan: Semi-autonomous Bureaucracy under the Pressure toward a Small Government -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Genesis -- 3 The Reform Agenda -- 4 Why Small Government? -- 5 The Performance of SPARC -- 6 Semi-autonomous Bureaucracy -- 7 Administrative Reform and Coalition Politics -- 8 The Local Level Reform -- 9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Modernization of the Public Sector and Public Administration in the Federal Republic of Germany - (Mostly) A Story of Fragmented Incrementalism -- 1 Reconstruction of Public Administration in Post-war (West-)Germany in Neglection of Reforms.

3.3 Local Level4 Development Since the Late 1980s: Upsurge of a "Modernization of the Public Sector� Debate in Germany vis-à -vis Changed International and Domestic Contexts -- 4.1 Federal Level -- 4.2 L�nder Level -- 4.3 Local Level -- 5 German Unification and Administrative Reform -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- II Policy Arenas and Networks � A Comparative Policy Approach -- Social Policy in Japan: Building a Welfare State in a Conservative One Dominant Party System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analytical Framework

This article extends the recent empirical work on the perceptions and role of bureaucrats and politicians in policymaking. The question of the relationship between politicians and bureaucrats and the role of each in policymaking is especially important in the case of Japan, because the prevalent models of Japanese politics and policymaking are those of the "bureaucracy dominant" or of a closely interwoven "ruling triad" of bureaucracy, big business, and the governing Liberal Democratic Party.Data are from a systematic survey of 251 higher civil servants and 101 members of the government and opposition parties in the House of Representatives, supplemented by data from other surveys and, wherever possible, compared to equivalent data from western democracies.The results indicate that Japanese politicians and bureaucrats resemble Western European elites both in social background and in the fact that although the roles of politician and bureaucrat are converging, there are still differences in their contributions to the policymaking process. However, politicians influence policymaking more than most models of Japanese politics have posited, and even government and opposition politicians share some consensus about the most important policy issues facing Japan. A factor analysis demonstrated that higher civil servants' orientations toward their roles vary significantly with their positions in the administrative hierarchy.The 27-year incumbency of the LDP as ruling party has been particularly important in determining the Japanese variant of the relationship between politicians and bureaucrats. We suggest that the Japanese case shows that the bureaucracy's increasing role in policymaking is universal; however, in late-modernizing political systems like Japan's, where the bureaucracy has always been a dominant actor, the growing power of politicians in postwar politics has been the most significant actor in bringing about more convergence in the two elites. Our data on this trend argue for a more complicated and pluralistic view of Japanese policymaking than that provided by either the bureaucracy-dominant or the ruling-triad model.