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Zusammenfassung
Vor dem Hintergrund der demographischen Alterung sehen sich Frauen im Alter zwischen 50 und 65 zwei Forderungen durch die Gesellschaft ausgesetzt. Auf der einen Seite sollen sie länger arbeiten und auf der anderen Seite informelle Pflege übernehmen, was sie vor einen neuen, "zweiten" Vereinbarungskonflikt stellen kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht mit Daten des SHARE, welche kontextuellen wohlfahrtsstaatlichen und kulturellen Rahmenbedingungen mit der Entscheidung von älteren Frauen, informelle Pflege zu übernehmen, zusammenhängen. Es zeigt sich, dass vor allem die familiaristisch-konservativen Werte einer Gesellschaft mit der Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass ältere Frauen pflegen, korrelieren. Schlussfolgern lässt sich, dass bei der Ausgestaltung von Pflegepolitik "Culture Matters".
Abstract: Culture Matters – Norms, Employment and informal Care among Older European Women
Against the background of an ageing society women aged between 50 and 65 are facing two challenges. On the one hand they are supposed to extend their working lives and on the other hand they are supposed to give informal care, conflicting the reconciliation of work and care. The study at hand uses SHARE data and explores how contextual factors of the welfare state and a country's culture relate to older women's decision to care. The results show that the familiaristic-conservative values of a society correlated with the probability of older women doing care. The implication is that "Culture Matters" in care politics.

Modernization theory has often been used to explain country differences in levels of ageism. The commentary at hand questions its usefulness in the analysis of ageism today for two reasons. First, modernization theory was developed to discuss social status of older people, not ageism. Second, social policies and management practices that emerged with industrialization are being rolled back over the last decades. We therefore argue for the reconsideration of the relationship between modernization and ageism and to re-assess it in order to better explain country differences in ageism in the 21st century.

Objective: We explore gender differences in support of the norm that children must provide care for their parents. Background: Society's values and norms play a crucial role in deciding whether to provide family care. We investigate these values and norms on family care by analyzing which individual and country level factors affect them. Method: We use data from the European Values Study wave 5 and multilevel regression techniques. The question, "Adult children have the duty to provide long-term care for their parents", serves as our dependent variable. The explanatory variables at the individual level are gender and further socio-demographic variables. At the country level, we include expenditures on health care, and the female labor force participation rate. Results: The results show that women, as well as those living in countries with high expenditure on health care and high female labor force participation rates, are less supportive of the norm that children have an obligation to provide care for their parents. Furthermore, the gender effect is stronger in countries with a higher female labor force participation rate. Conclusion: Norms and values on family care are not fixed and can change, as suggested by the differences between countries. They are also not shared by all social groups equally, as the differences between women and men and along other socio-demographics show. Replication files: https://ubp.uni-bamberg.de/jfr/index.php/jfr/article/view/854/704.

The housing sector is currently under pressure: demographic shifts, urbanisation as well as the availability and costs of housing have led to increasing prices. Concerns are being raised that these rising housing costs could lead to intergenerational conflicts. While older generations often live in their privatelyowned dwellings, younger cohorts struggle to become homeowners, moving the field of housing into the spotlight of national debates. We analyse the importance of housing for Europeans using data from Eurobarometer. Results show that the relevance of housing increased between 2008 and 2018. However, generational differences were found: while older and younger people see housing as an important topic at the country level, only the younger generation seems to be affected personally.

This paper investigates the relationship between age and attaining a tenured position in academia (postdoctoral researcher or professorship at a university of applied sciences or university). Following considerations about ageism towards doctoral graduates who were 40 years and older (40+) upon attaining a Ph.D. and Robert K. Merton's idea of cumulative advantages in academic careers (Matthew-Effect), we differentiate between biological and academic age. We test the relationships and the resources accumulated behind the latter using data from the DZHW Ph.D. Panel 2014. Applying piecewise constant exponential estimations and an entropy balancing methodology, we find that Ph.D.s aged 40+ experience a significantly positive effect on attaining a professorship at a university of applied science or receiving tenure as a postdoctoral researcher. We interpret the finding as a positive effect of age discrimination.