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PEACE MAY BE CONCEIVED OF NOT ONLY AS THE ABSENCE OF PHYSICAL OR STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE, BUT ALSO POSITIVELY AS HARMONY BETWEEN CULTURE AND STRUCTURE. THUS, THE VALUES OF SOCIETY MUST BE KNOWN IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE DEGREE OF PEACE. WORLD PEACE MAY HAVE TO BE VIEWED IN TERMS OF A MULTITUDE OF SMALL PEACES - E.G. RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES.

This review article appraises the state of simulations research in the light of the Guetzkow Festschrift. Three broad sets of criticisms are raised concerning contemporary international relations simulations. The first criticism con cerns the extent to which many models see international relations as inter-nation relations. The second concerns the extent to which foreign policy analysis has become the focus of attention whereas global perspectives with regard to major problems are lacking. The third concerns the positivist view of models which requires traditional concepts of validity such that reality is seen as constant and models are changed to fit reality. In this regard the example of war games is used to illustrate the interactive and intentional nature of immersed models. The article suggests a reorientation of international relations simulations toward an intentional interacting perspective, and the involvement of a broad range of individuals and groups in such interactive model/realities.

Peace may be conceived of not only as the absence of physical or structural violence, but also positively as harmony between culture and structure. In that case, the values of a society must be known in order for us to assess the degree of peace. Since 'small peace' presupposes a shared symbolic reality, most instances existing today are small — e. g., religious communities — and 'world peace' will have to consist of a multitude of 'small peaces', which may also contain what the outsider will define as structural violence.

Stress is on the COMM between decision-making elites of the Republic of India & the People's Republic of China, the most populated nations of the world during 1959-1964. The results of the study suggest that: (1) it may be possible to identify stable & unstable patterns of behavior in terms of such concepts as freedom of decision, interaction & reaction; (2) each of the 3 phases above exhibited diff patterns of behavior; (3) the relationships change within the course of the 6 yrs studied, which is consistent with the observation that either our models must include the facility for variables constants & relationships to change or we must dig deeper to get to the real constant relationships involved. Laboratory exp's might replicate the general time series method used here to provide linkages between such work & studies of the internat'l system. MnrHfind AA.

A model of world affairs is defined which identifies two interacting systems. The first system is called a nation state system, in which nations are the only actors. The second system is called an international system, in which there are many actors, from individuals to nations to international organizations and corporations. The world system is defined as the amalgam of these two. Within nations, the four functional requirements of Parsons are used to identify the economy as representative of the adaptation subsystem, the culture as representative of the integrative subsystem, individuals and families as representative of the pattern maintenance subsystem, and government as representative of the goal attainment sub system. An internation system is then specifically defined as interaction between the goal attainment subsystems of nations. A similar procedure is adopted for the inter national system. The three world arms races are then interpreted in the light of the model using the idea that the international component has been greater in each arms race than in the previous one. In this way it is possible to interpret the differences in behavior in each of the arms races in terms of the model. It is also found that the linkage between trade and defense has increased in each successive arms race. It is suggested that future analysis of world affairs should take into account other actors, such as international organizations and international corporations, as well as nations. Further, the importance of the integrative system is stressed and some sugges tions for strengthening it are put forward.