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Com o dito latino Hic rhodus hic saltus, referido no prefácio da sua Filosofia do Direito, pretendia Hegel sublinhar que cabe à filosofia estudar o que é, o real, e não o que deveria ser. Nos anos 60 do século XX, o real era, para os estudos culturais ingleses, a revolução cultural em curso desde os finais da II Guerra Mundial, e que tornava crucial o estudo de questões como as da relação entre cultura e poder, cultura popular e cultura de massa, homogeneidade cultural e diversidade cultural. As reflexões dos autores dos estudos culturais, ingleses e outos, em relação a estas questões, continuam hoje a ser cruciais e, diríamos mesmo, mais cruciais do que nunca. Partindo do trabalho levado a cabo pelos estudos culturais no domínio da cultura, o presente artigo reflete sobre as condições de uma democracia que respeite a pluralidade e a diferença das culturas, não só a nível do estado nacional, hoje em profunda mudança, mas também a nível mundial/global. De forma algo anacrónica, deixamos Hegel e a sua ancoragem ao real para regressarmos a Kant e ao seu ideal de uma sociedade cosmopolita. ; Through the Latin saying Hic rhodus hic saltus, mentioned in the preface of his Philosophy of Right, Hegel intended to emphasise that it is Philosophy's duty to study what is real, rather than what ought to be. During the 60's of the 20th century, what was real was, as far as British Cultural Studies were concerned, the cultural revolution ongoing since the end of the II World War, which made critical the study of such issues as the relationship between culture and power, popular culture and mass culture, cultural homogeneity and cultural diversity. The considerations on these issues produced by cultural studies' authors – British and otherwise – remain crucial today, perhaps more so than ever. Setting the work carried through by cultural studies in the domain of culture, this paper aims to reflect upon the condition of a democracy that respects plurality and cultural differences, not only at national state level – presently undergoing deep changes – but also at a global level. In order to do so, we will somewhat anachronistically move beyond Hegel and his tethering to the real by returning to Kant and his ideal for a cosmopolitan society.

Com o dito latino Hic rhodus hic saltus, referido no prefácio da sua Filosofia do Direito, pretendia Hegel sublinhar que cabe à filosofia estudar o que é, o real, e não o que deveria ser. Nos anos 60 do século XX, o real era, para os estudos culturais ingleses, a revolução cultural em curso desde os finais da II Guerra Mundial, e que tornava crucial o estudo de questões como as da relação entre cultura e poder, cultura popular e cultura de massa, homogeneidade cultural e diversidade cultural. As reflexões dos autores dos estudos culturais, ingleses e outos, em relação a estas questões, continuam hoje a ser cruciais e, diríamos mesmo, mais cruciais do que nunca. Partindo do trabalho levado a cabo pelos estudos culturais no domínio da cultura, o presente artigo reflete sobre as condições de uma democracia que respeite a pluralidade e a diferença das culturas, não só a nível do estado nacional, hoje em profunda mudança, mas também a nível mundial/global. De forma algo anacrónica, deixamos Hegel e a sua ancoragem ao real para regressarmos a Kant e ao seu ideal de uma sociedade cosmopolita. ; Through the Latin saying Hic rhodus hic saltus, mentioned in the preface of his Philosophy of Right, Hegel intended to emphasise that it is Philosophy's duty to study what is real, rather than what ought to be. During the 60's of the 20th century, what was real was, as far as British Cultural Studies were concerned, the cultural revolution ongoing since the end of the II World War, which made critical the study of such issues as the relationship between culture and power, popular culture and mass culture, cultural homogeneity and cultural diversity. The considerations on these issues produced by cultural studies' authors – British and otherwise – remain crucial today, perhaps more so than ever. Setting the work carried through by cultural studies in the domain of culture, this paper aims to reflect upon the condition of a democracy that respects plurality and cultural differences, not only at national state level – presently undergoing deep changes – but also at a global level. In order to do so, we will somewhat anachronistically move beyond Hegel and his tethering to the real by returning to Kant and his ideal for a cosmopolitan society.

En aras de corresponder a las demandas de sus ciudadanos, los municipios han impulsado el gobierno electrónico mediante el uso de las TIC. Sin embargo, esta adopción tecnológica no siempre se efectúa de forma homogénea entre unos territorios y otros, originando las conocidas como «brechas digitales». Así pues, los objetivos del estudio consistieron en medir, a través del análisis de contenido de los 308 sitios web municipales de Portugal, la calidad de estos servicios electrónicos, para luego detectar diferencias interregionales y apuntar algunos factores predictivos del estado de la red local portuguesa. Desde el punto de vista instrumental, se diseñó un «Indicador General de Calidad Web» que sirvió para concretar el grado de desempeño nacional, cercano a un nivel correcto, así como para concluir que el litoral continental del país, la zona más poblada, rica y desarrollada, es también el área donde el gobierno electrónico está mejor implementado.

In order to correspond to their citizens' demands, municipalities have promoted electronic government through the use of ICT. However, this technological adoption is not always carried out homogeneously when comparing some territories with others, causing what are known as "digital divides". Thus, the objectives of the study consisted on measuring, through the content analysis of the 308 municipal websites of Portugal, the quality of these electronic services, to then detect interregional differences and point out some predictive factors of the state of Portuguese local network. From the instrumental point of view, a "General Web Quality Index" was designed, that served to specify the national performance level, which was close to correct, as well as to conclude that the country's continental coastline, the most populated, rich and developed area, is precisely where e-government is best implemented. ; En aras de corresponder a las demandas de sus ciudadanos, los municipios han impulsado el gobierno electrónico mediante el uso de las TIC. Sin embargo, esta adopción tecnológica no siempre se efectúa de forma homogénea entre unos territorios y otros, originando las conocidas como «brechas digitales». Así pues, los objetivos del estudio consistieron en medir, a través del análisis de contenido de los 308 sitios web municipales de Portugal, la calidad de estos servicios electrónicos, para luego detectar diferencias interregionales y apuntar algunos factores predictivos del estado de la red local portuguesa. Desde el punto de vista instrumental, se diseñó un «Indicador General de Calidad Web» que sirvió para concretar el grado de desempeño nacional, cercano a un nivel correcto, así como para concluir que el litoral continental del país, la zona más poblada, rica y desarrollada, es también el área donde el gobierno electrónico está mejor implementado.

Grounded in relationship management and political public relations theory, this study takes a critical look at politician-citizen online relationship building in non-electoral periods. Using the example of Portuguese political parties as a case study, participatory tools available on parties' websites, the interactive exchange observed and interviews with political communication managers are analysed to reflect on the Internet's potential for heightening citizen participation. Main results indicate that providing information is a predominant function over promoting interaction and that political parties offer online spaces for citizens to discuss and debate online but hardly join the conversation.

Este trabajo analiza la información turística de los portales municipales portugueses y la relaciona con determinados factores estructurales para medir el impacto de la industria del ocio en el desarrollo local. Metodología. El método utilizado fue el análisis de contenido, al cual se le confirió un cariz, además de descriptivo, predictivo. Se diseñó un libro de códigos compuesto por 36 variables y aplicado al examen de los 308 sitios web que conforman el universo poblacional de municipios portugueses. Resultados. A nivel general, la orientación turística de los portales es bastante clara y manifiesta, especialmente en las localidades del litoral continental del país. Conclusiones. Se confirma el cambio de tendencia turística hacia un modelo más sostenible y no estacional basado en el patrimonio, tanto cultural como natural. Asimismo, y en consonancia con la investigación empírica previa, se comprueba que los factores demográficos y económicos son determinantes para el estado de la administración web municipal.

An overview of risk -- Projects and project stakeholders -- Project risk management systems -- Project risk contexts and drivers -- Approaches to risk identification -- Project risk identification tools -- Project risk analysis and evaluation -- Risk response and treatment options -- Risk monitoring and control -- Project risk knowledge management -- Cultural shaping of risk -- Project complexity and risk -- Political risk -- Opportunity risk management -- Strategic risk management -- Planning, building and maturing project risk management systems -- Computer applications -- Communicating risk.

Despite it being a debated issue in recent decades, there is in fact no consensus regarding the potentialities of the Internet for the strengthening of citizens' political participation and – by extension – of democracy itself. Nonetheless, this "new medium", and, in particular, its Web 2.0 version has become the cornerstone of communication strategies for both political parties and their candidates. Several questions emerge from the debate about the impact of the internet on political participation. First of all, the very concept of political participa- tion. Despite its importance in the theory of democracy, this concept is not always easy to define with rigor particularly when it comes to the form and boundaries of such participation. Actually, the ultimate issue is whether we are currently witnessing a "crisis of participation" or quite the contrary, the rise of alternative forms thereof. Secondly, the debate about the so-called "crisis of democracy" is also central when thinking about political participa- tion in our times. Democratic societies are experiencing a democratic deficit, to a large extend a crisis of confidence in traditional political parties, by which citizens feel misrepresented and hence alienated from righteous participation in their political destiny.