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An evaluation of the relevance of Ur bias & Ru bias to the postrevolutionary Chinese case. Statistical data are presented on the nature & extent of differentiation in Ru-Ur living standards, the political basis of relevant economic policies is examined, & the relationship between these policies is investigated relative to changes in labor productivity in each sector & to intersectoral savings transfers. Both Ur bias & Ru bias hypotheses illuminate certain dimensions of Chinese development strategy. But the realities of Ru-Ur relations have been complex, & analysis must be supplemented by a focus on the division between state & society, & the question of state bias. 10 Tables, 73 References. HA.

In Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development (London: Temple Smith, 1977), Michael Lipton argues that Ur bias is the moving force behind needlessly slow & inequitable growth in contemporary developing countries. This claim is defended against three main criticisms: that the methods chosen to test it are not appropriate; that the evidence tendered is not relevant or sufficient; & that the Ru-Ur polarity is not clear-cut or does not represent the prime conflict within contemporary developing countries. 116 References. HA.

Examination of the evidence of poor people's standard of living as the most fundamental aspect of differentiation; investigation of the ideological and political forces behind the economic policies which influence the outcome; examination of these policies and their outcome in respect to labour productivity changes in each sector and inter-sectoral savings transfer. (DSE)

Counselors are biased against girls and women. Several recent studies examining counselor's sex biases are reviewed. Research indicates that attitudes of counselor trainees, school counselors at all levels, counselor educators and supervisors, and clinicians are sexist. The Attitude Toward Women Scale was administered to 80 employment counselors. Male counselor attitudes were more sexist than female counselor attitudes. Suggestions for dealing with counselor bias are reviewed. Counselors must first battle their own biases. They should also be sensitive to the developmental stages of a person's life, as well as to job requirements and employer attitudes. Occupational literature should be nonsexist and nontraditional.