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Most nations have experienced an internal armed conflict since 1960. Yet while civil war is central to many nations' development, it has stood at the periphery of economics research and teaching. The past decade has witnessed a long overdue explosion of research into war's causes and consequences. We summarize progress, identify weaknesses, and chart a path forward. Why war? Existing theory is provocative but incomplete, omitting advances in behavioral economics and making little progress in key areas, like why armed groups form and cohere, or how more than two armed sides compete. Empirical work finds that low per capita incomes and slow economic growth are both robustly linked to civil war. Yet there is little consensus on the most effective policies to avert conflicts or promote postwar recovery. Cross-country analysis of war will benefit from more attention to causal identification and stronger links to theory. We argue that micro-level analysis and case studies are also crucial to decipher war's causes, conduct, and consequences. We bring a growth theoretic approach to the study of conflict consequences to highlight areas for research, most of all the study of war's impact on institutions. We conclude with a plea for new and better data.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Background and History -- Introduction -- The First Amendment-Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition -- The Second Amendment-The Right to Bear Arms -- The Third Amendment-The Housing of Soldiers -- The Fourth Amendment-Search and Arrest Warrants -- The Fifth Amendment-Rights in Criminal Cases and Compelling Self-Incrimination -- The Sixth Amendment-Rights to Fair Trial -- The Seventh Amendment-Rights in Civil Cases -- The Eighth Amendment-Bails, Fines, and Punishments -- The Ninth Amendment-Rights Retained by the People -- The Tenth Amendment-Powers Retained by States and the People -- The Fourteenth Amendment-Civil Rights -- The Fifteenth Amendment-Black Suffrage -- Civil Rights Acts by the U.S. Congress -- The Nineteenth Amendment-Women's Suffrage -- The Twenty-Fourth Amendment-Poll Taxes -- The Twenty-Sixth Amendment-Suffrage for Eighteen-Year-Olds -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Problems, Controversies, and Solutions -- Introduction -- The Denial of Rights to the "Other -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Perspectives -- Introduction -- The COVID-19 Pandemic and Lessons for Civil Rights Coping Strategies -- Two Courts: State Courts of Last Resort and Civil Rights Adjudication -- Defining Equality: Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans with Disabilities Act -- Warrants for Me but Not for Thee: Students' Fourth Amendment Rights in Public Schools -- When Secular and Religious Interests Collide -- Transgender Rights -- The Free Press in the Age of Trump -- Religious Opposition to Abortion Rights: Another Attempt at Establishment of Religion -- Fish-Ins" and the Indian Civil Rights Movement -- Chapter 4: Profiles -- Introduction -- Organizations -- People-Government -- People-Nongovernment -- References -- Chapter 5: Data and Documents.