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In the field of quantum physics studies, Heisenberg's thought provokes very relevant reflections for an articulation between science and metaphysics, given the importance attributed to the subject in the collapse of the superposition between wave and particle. From an idealistic perspective, the importance given to the subject in the observation of quantum phenomena can be considered a stage of the development of consciousness within the scope of the phenomenology of Hegel's spirit. Quantum physics, under an idealistic perspective, represents a fundamental moment in the recognition and dialectical overcoming of the dualisms produced by the subject himself in his relationship with the world.

China's rise is one of the hottest issues among international relations scholars & experts. However, China's rise is an event with some centuries. The future is unknown but the past may give us some clues because China's history is cyclical. Some are worried about China's rise, others fear it will collapse in the future. From the analysis of the past examples & from the policies adopted by the third & forth generation leaders, we may examine whether the rise of China as a major power will be peaceful. Tables, Graphs, 1 Diagram, References. Adapted from the source document.

Recently, a number of Latin American countries with high inflation and various kinds of imbalances have experienced disinflation stabilisation programmes. Brasil implemented in July 1994 the Real Plan - an exchange-rate-based stabilisation experiment. This paper revisites this experience examining the main reasons for the collapse of the exchange-rate regime, in January 1999, from alternative theoretical point of views. What emerges from the paper is the conclusion that most of the "new" arguments presented to explain the Brazilian currency crisis are arguments used in the past by heterodox theorists. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

The end of the Cold War and the revolutionary transformation of international relations have provoked a pessimistic view about the destiny of the Third World, now called "South". The collapse of state socialism, however, does not necessarily determine a future of misfortunes to that group of countries, including Brazil. Some "South" countries will escape from an obscure destiny, but others will not, depending upon the competence of their elites and their political ability to implement a national development project. This article deals with the prospects for Brazil and Latin America after the Cold War

Mild that is triggered by a war, we never know quite well and truly occur when the systemic changes. Not this is an isolated happen! Cement, but several which together demonstrate that certain balance of forces gave way to another. The symbolic date of the start of the international post-cold-war system may be the fall of the Berlin Wall that united Europe (1989), the Gulf War I that brought together the international community in supporting a common cause (1990) or collapse the Soviet Union (1991) that made the United States the remaining power. Twenty-five years began, unexpectedly, the unipolar system. Adapted from the source document.

This paper seeks to contribute to a reflection on the current European crisis through a critical theorization of liberalism, here characterized as a philosophical, political and ontological assumption of a liberal peace that rests increasingly on the geopolitical scenario of germanisation of Europe. Therefore, two main essays are revisited in the paper, one by Carl Schmitt and the other by Emanuel Levinas, their criticisms to the model of liberal peace describes many of the limitations of the industrial and technocratic model that underpins it, but above all the way in which this model paves the way for its own collapse. Adapted from the source document.

In December 2001 the Argentine economy collapsed, bringing down the constitutionally elected government. The causes of the collapse are controversial: some argue that the main responsibility lies with the international financial institutions, which had supported a decade long policy of structural adjustment & economic concentration; others, instead, blame domestic factors such as fiscal deficit & rampant corruption. This article focuses on the latter arguments in order to highlight what changed & what remained since democracy was reinaugurated in 1983. The case made here is that enduring democracy is as much a novelty as economic decay is a secular trend, of which the 2001 crisis is but another, if deeper, manifestation. References. Adapted from the source document.

The author notes that to speak of democracy in the countries of Central Asia would seem to be a futile effort. The republics that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union are known for their authoritarian, repressive, & centralized regimes. Following a review of the history & sociopolitical context of the Central Asian countries, the author describes being in Bishkek in Jan 2010, when Kyrgyzstan was between revolutions & popular revolts, & discusses the country's internal dynamics as well as foreign relations with the US, Russia, & other Western nations. While a ray of hope was apparent at that time -- with the establishment of a new legitimate government & a new social contract -- it was soon extinguished. Once again, the future of Kyrgyzstan, like that of the other Central Asian countries, appears unlikely to change anytime soon. S. Stanton

In the first decades of the Cold War, NATO's major powers coexisted in a fairly easy way with the un-democratic nature of the Portuguese regime. After the collapse of Caetano's dictatorship, however, the ascendancy of the Marxist left, & of the Communist Party in particular, created a whole set of dilemmas to the Western powers. This article describes how several NATO's members equated the implications of a possible triumph of the Moscow orientated left in Portugal to the cohesion of the Alliance. The article argues that the cautious & moderate stance assumed by the European partners was vital to persuade the Ford administration in Washington to accept a policy towards the Portuguese based on a combination of pressures & inducements. As the article tries to show, this policy may be seen as one of the key international factors that helped to bring about the consolidation of Portugal's democracy. Adapted from the source document.

China's emergence as a superpower is inevitable, given its growing economic might. Military, diplomatic & economic conflicts with the US are unavoidable. To meet the challenge, the US should strengthen its regional balance of power in the Far East, while avoiding military adventures in the region. In order to manage the risks that are attendant to China's rise, the US should adopt a Bismarckian strategy. Such a strategy would require containing China by focusing on maintaining & strengthening the US military presence in the Pacific. The best outcome for this strategy, from the US perspective, would be to create a new Cold War, but one without hot military flashpoints. US allies in the region would act in the same manner as NATO when it helped to contain the USSR, leading to the USSR's collapse from its own internal contradictions. Because China also suffers from economic & political contradictions, its ascent can therefore be contained. References. R. Young

The last book written by Nietzsche, Ecce homo: how one becomes what one is (1888), is one of its more controversial works, having been comprehended as signal of prepotency, as egocentric self-exhibition, and as presage of the collapse that interrupted his intellectual trajectory in January 1889. Controversies were fueled, in part, by the peculiar narrative developed in the book - he tells himself his life and works in an eulogistic and hyperbolical tone -, in part, by the fact that the late publication of Ecce homo, occurred only in 1908, favored contrast with the apocryphal The Will to Power – set of notes published in 1901 as Nietzsche's 'main work'. Our purpose in this paper is to reflect on possible contributions of Ecce homo's 'autobiographical' and 'self-critical' tenor to the German philosopher's path of thought. Our hypothesis is that the narrative experimented in the book has an intimate relation with previous themes of Nietzschean works (especially, that of perspective) and with the task of revaluation of all values. Through a self-staging, the placing of a certain 'Nietzsche' in the scene, the philosopher advances his critique of metaphysics - and its popular version, Christian morality - while accentuates the worldliness of his perspective, its contingent feature and its conditioning by "little things", decision that seems to carry a relevant philosophical dimension: Nietzsche assumes the partiality and the interest involved in his taking a position within culture.