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The topic of memory is of the highest actuality in recent years. At the same time we find the problem of the amnesia. The memory of colonialism & slavery, often absent from the French historiography, is articulated today like a speech of the resistance. It is not only the colonial history in Europe, but also the traffic of human beings & the problem of color. The linguistic analysis of the word black in a very long period of time, & the phrases & expressions in where it is gathered, demonstrate without a doubt that, as opposed to the word white, symbol of purity, all its connotations are negative. The creation of a museum for 21st century in Reunion Island, with a collection, not collected but created, that gathers the new memory, like an alive memory, will allow to articulate the past to be able to reinterpret it. Adapted from the source document.

Following the proposals of the so-called "new conceptual -- political history," this paper analyses the concept of sovereignty, as it was used in 1808, in the context of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain, which left the empire without a king & precipitated an unprecedented crisis in the Spanish monarchy. The paper chooses as an instance of an emergent use of the idea of sovereignty the intervention of Primo de Verdad in the debates that took place in the city council of Mexico. Adapted from the source document.