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Cluster-network analysis of online communities will move from rizomnoy paradigm to cluster in the perception of social networks as a form of interpersonal and intergroup communication. This article describes the author's technique created and approved research online communities of political, public and commercial organizations in the framework of the IIP in "AIT" Bashkir State University.

The article deals with the complex and controversial problems of the new regional communities' formation and the impact of the interethnic relations sphere on them. The author notes that the processes of interaction between representatives of different cultures and civilizations, ethnic groups and religions have become increasingly controversial and tense in the context of continuous social dynamics. Similarly to the Russian society as a whole, regional communities are in a state of transitivity. They get transformed, they acquire new qualities such as multicasting and heterogeneity, multi-ethnicity and multi-confessionalism, fragmentarity and multiculturality.

This fact increases the risks and uncertainties, problematizes future prospects. National non-governmental organizations are increasingly positioning themselves as civil society institutions at the present stage of social development at the regional level. They perform a difficult dual task: on the one hand, they ensure the preservation and development of history, native language, culture, ethnic traditions, and on the other hand, they work on the integration, on the common identity and the Russian nation formation.

On the territory of the Volgograd region, largely due to the active cooperation of regional authorities and local authorities with national public associations, international and inter-confessional relations are stable. The basis of such activity is respect for history, native language, culture, tradition, religion, national dignity of all people in the region, regardless of their belonging to a certain ethnic group or religion. Over two decades of accumulated considerable experience of joint inter-ethnic dialogue and cooperation, provided tolerance and peace, harmony and mutual understanding between people of different ethnicities and religions in the country.

The subject of the research is the criminal community, its characteristics, and features within the framework of criminology.The purpose of the research is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that a criminal community as a criminological phenomenon is nor equal to a criminal organization or an organized criminal groupMethodology. The author uses general theoretical methods (comparative analysis, generalization, deduction) and specific methods (formal legal interpretation of legal acts, questionnaires).The main results, scope of application. A criminal organization and a criminal community are different criminological phenomena that differ from each other in significant ways. The differences are both in the degree of criminal organization, and the complexity of the structure of internal and external interaction. From the point of view of a systematic approach, a criminal community is not only a more complex system compared to a criminal organization. It is characterized by an improved structure of internal interaction, in which the hierarchical structure is either complicated, or replaced or supplemented by a network structure. The peculiarity is to complement the system approach with a synergistic one: in the criminal community, the pooling of criminal efforts is carried out more effectively, mainly in the sphere of external relations. The criminal community is a more open system compared to the criminal organization. Certain features can be identified in the contacts of criminal community members with the external environment. The most important feature is a symbiosis of criminal and legal practices that affects the life of entire regions or relatively large masses of the population. The criminal community is a purposeful system with its own specifics. And this specificity is seen in the fact that the criminal community pursues (secretly or openly, at the moment or in the foreseeable future) the achievement of political goals, namely: the possession of power, infiltration into power, undermining power, its capture and retention. It is power, not wealth, that is the real goal of the criminal community, and not just because it is easily converted into wealth. Power is valuable in itself, because it also gives a lot of other advantages.Conclusions. A criminal community cannot be reduced to a criminal organization, much less – to an organized criminal group, and this conclusion requires to be included into legislation. ; Статья посвящена изучению особенностей преступных сообществ с позиций криминологической науки. Отмечается, что преступная организация и преступное сообщество – это различные криминологические феномены, отличающиеся друг от друга по существенным признакам. Преступное сообщество преследует достижение политических целей, а именно: обладания властью, инфильтрации во власть, подрыва власти, ее захвата и удержания. Подчеркивается, что именно власть, а не богатство является настоящей целью деятельности преступного сообщества. При этом, наряду с легальной властью существует криминальная власть, а также симбиоз между ними. Сделан вывод о том, что преступное сообщество не может быть сведено к преступной орга-низации и тем более – к организованной преступной группе.

Most of the participants in the network community passively absorb information in the form of characters included in the communication codes. Which in turn are formed on the basis of values worldviews, ideas and ideals. Distribution and perception of information more effective, closer communication code communication community codes. This leads to a positive perception of the (support) posts supporters and opponents of the condemnation of the ideas promoted. The article deals with the creation of modern technologies in political communication strategy of propaganda.

The article deals with the social characteristics of the Internet audience,
virtual social communities, as well as examples of using the Internet space in realsociety. Subjected to analysis of user behavior in virtual reality. Provide new social characteristics of Internet users.

На основе многолетних исследований структуры
коммуникационных связей сетевых сообществ стало возможным выделить
этапы жизнедеятельности и описать виды трансформации связей и некоторые
другие метрики сетевого сообщества на каждом из этапов.

Си Цзиньпин полагает, что у Китая есть возможность до 2035 года сделать страну ведущей экономической, технологической и, возможно, даже военной державой в мире. На основании этого в статье рассматривается современная модель ведения внешнеполитической деятельности КНР, в которой страна стремится не только занять центральное положение на мировой арене, соизмеримое с собственной экономической и военной мощью, но также перестроить, изменить и переопределить элементы существующей системы в соответствии взглядам и интересам Китая.
Автором утверждается, что несмотря на уверенность в растущей материальной мощи Китая, стране все еще не хватает «дискурсивной силы» –способности оказывать влияние на формулировки и идеи, лежащие в основе международного порядка. Хотя китайское руководство мобилизовало интеллектуальные ресурсы, чтобы заполнить этот пробел, оно не изложило явно альтернативное видение того, как должен выглядеть мир.

One of the most prominent and at the same time the most complicated storylines of Lithuanian history between two world wars — the conflict between Lithuania and Poland for Vilnius. It is important to note that dramatic events occurred in Vilnius and around it, which essentially determined the democratic relations between Lithuania and Poland in the interwar period, influenced not only Lithuanians and Poles, but also national minorities living there for many centuries, first of all — the most numerous and influential Jewish communities. Geopolitical changes, the loss of historical capital and proclamation of Provisional capital affect the new search of coexistence of Vilnius and Kaunas Jewish communities with the dominant nation and directly affects cultural, political development. This paper attempts to present how the Vilnius question influenced the positions and choices of the Kaunas Jewish community in interwar years. Kaunas Jews have survived the crisis of identity in a provisional capital. In this period, Kaunas Jews began to create a new system — the alternative "Jerusalem of Lithuania". Furthermore, Kaunas Jews joined the Vilnius liberation campaign in 1930s together with Lithuanians.

католицизм был внедрен в провинцию Нахичевани в начале XIV века французскими и бенедиктинскими праведниками. Расположившись на пересечении торговых путей Востока и Запада ; они создали великую армянскую католическую общину ; что сильно повлияло на развитие экономических ; политических и культурных связей в Нахичеванской Республике. В середине XVIII века часть армянских католиков ; живущих в провинции Нахичевани ; приняло мусульманскую религию ; остальные вынуждены были покинуть страну ввиду нестабильной системы управления государства Персидского залива ; высоких налогов ; отсутствия защиты жизни и имущества ; а также посягательства на достоинство человеческой личности. ; catholism penetrated into the province of Nakhijevan at the beginning of the XIV century by French and benediktyan religious men. Being situated in the trading crossroads of East and West it created a great Armenian catholic community and made deep influence on developing economic ; political and cultural links in Nakhijevan region. In the middle of XVIII century a part of Armenian catholics living in Nakhijevan province adopted muslim religion ; others moved away because of unstable governing system of Persian state ; heavy taxes ; absence of security for life and property and the violation of dignity.

On the basis of the system approach, the specifics of various concepts to the definition of the phenomenon of cyberterrorism are revealed. The conclusion that modern cyberterrorism aimed at threatening international and state security is one of the effective levers for achieving political goals on the world stage is argued. Modern cyberterrorism in its scale, technical capabilities and consequences can be put in line with traditional terrorism and organized crime with full confidence. Through comprehensive analysis, topical problems of countering computer terrorism in modern society have been identified. Priority forms of inter-State cooperation have been justified, as well as the necessary measures aimed at improving the effectiveness of the fight against cyberterrorism have been identified.

The traditional subjects of civil society, which have been active for a long period of time, are losing their former influence and importance. Researchers point out a decrease in the population's civil engagement in many countries of the world. The existing concepts of civil society are losing their explanatory power. This article presents an attempt to resolve the issue in question. The purpose of this article is to analyze the social community of parents as a new subject of civil society. In order to achieve this goal, civil society is examined from a community approach standpoint, according to which it is interpreted as a special form of social community. Its specific nature is conditioned by the fact that such a community consists of individuals (and their associations) which support distinct needs, interests and value orientations. It is shown that individuals (and their associations), when possessing the necessary resources (mainly social capital), engage in cooperative actions to fulfill and protect their needs and interests within certain boundaries of time and space. The article stresses the fact that such activity turns into a dominant model of living, in other words – a lifestyle for members of a civil society community. Analyzed are the key characteristics, functions and the structure of civil society as a social community, together with the creation and development of a parent community within it as a new element of the former. This serves as a foundation for demonstrating that the modern parent community is evolving. While preserving its traditional community features and functions, the social community of parents is acquiring more traits and functions inherent to a civil society community, transforming into a special type of the latter. The gradual process of integrating the parent social community into the community structure of civil society is shown. Also highlighted is the fact that this process is occurring with varying intensity in time and space, as a result of the non-uniformity and inconsistency of the parent community itself. The objective disparity between parents affects their degree of involvement in practices of civil society, as well as the nature of interactions within and between communities. The article suggests regarding the interior structure of the parent community as dynamic, consisting of a core, semi-periphery and periphery. The conclusion states that in modern conditions the parent community turns into what drives the development of civil society.