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Abstract. This paper argues that clause union/restructuring constructions such as verb clusters in German do not involve head clustering in the form of (lexical or derived) complex head formation. I provide several arguments showing that clause union properties are licensed in the absence of complex head formation and that complex head formation hence cannot be seen as a condition on clause union/restructuring. Complex head approaches are compared to syntactic complementation approaches—in particular, to an approach where the verbs of a restructuring construction project independent VPs that include all the internal arguments associated with the particular verbs. A series of empirical facts are considered (constituency, word order, modification, event structure properties, and nominalizations) that all point to the conclusion that these constructions involve regular VPs rather than complex V‐V heads. Although it is not excluded that complex head approaches could be adjusted to accommodate these facts, the main advantage of the VP‐complementation approach is that the sum of the properties discussed follows without additional assumptions from the structure suggested and that this approach also correctly predicts which constructions are excluded.

Due to the increasing complexity of the security challenges, it is necessary to change the approach and understand security in a much more complex way than before. We consider it even more important to provide the capabilities needed to meet complex security challenges than changing the theoretical approach. Without providing the necessary capabilities, we will not have a chance to prevent and manage complex security challenges. In the present article, we examine the possibility to ensure complex military and civilian capabilities corresponding to complex security challenges. Also, it is being considered the development and the usability of the defence planning system, generated and used by the military, in order to provide civilian capabilities. Furthermore, we propose to set a parallel structure for military and civilian capability development to provide adequate complex capabilities for complex challenges.

Cover -- Front Flap -- Copyright Info -- Title Page -- Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter One Hayden, Karlee, Diana, And Adriana -- Chapter Two Trans*Gender Basics -- Chapter Three Katie Burgess -- Chapter Four Trans*Spectrum Identities -- Chapter Five Dean Kotula -- Chapter Six Dave Gaer -- Chapter Seven Trans*History Narratives -- Chapter Eight Brooke Wilcoxson -- Chapter Nine Trans*Health Complexities -- Chapter Ten Julia Keleher -- Chapter Eleven Trans*Life Challenges -- Chapter Twelve Natasha And Nancy -- Epilogue Trans* Online -- Selected Timeline -- Selected Who's Who -- Glossary -- Source Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- For Further Information -- Index -- About The Author/Photo Acknowledgments -- Back Flap -- Back Cover

This article contributes to scholarship that conceptualizes an 'immigration industrial complex', but argues against assertions that the complex represents a 'confluence of interests' or an unintended consequence of immigration policy enforcement. Instead, law regulates immigration and constructs 'illegality' in the interests of global (US) capital. This analysis has two implications. First, private government contractors are only one segment within a broader complex. Second, enforcement through policing, detention, and deportation may not appear to serve the short-term interests of businesses that depend on undocumented workers, but these practices reflect state investment in the expansion and accumulation of capital. The article refocuses attention toward our collective 'race to the bottom'.

The social world is complex and emergent. Inquiry, directed towards establishing universal empirical regularities (i.e. nomothetic inquiry), cannot establish causality in such a world. We can never assign a causal effect to any intervention without assessing the whole context of that intervention. However, we can develop generalizable knowledge if we adopt research approaches that recognize both the implications of assigning causal powers to context (the essence of the realist take on evaluation) and the significance of human agency in relation to 'the social type of causal nexus'. There are literatures that can contribute to developing such knowledge. These include macro-political science's concern with the importance of temporal ordering in relation to outcomes; Ragin's set theoretic understanding of causal relations and his development of systematic comparison as a basis for explicating those relations through Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA); and the presentation of causal narratives as foundation for process tracing. Every complex social intervention has to be considered as a 'case'. Systematic comparison across cases allows us to generalize within limits – but this still means we can transfer knowledge beyond the unique ideographically described instance. We can never establish universal/nomothetic accounts of causality in complex systems by using variable-based methods such as Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). However, through careful comparison and exploration of complex contingent causation, we can begin to get a handle on what works where (in what context), when (in what temporal context), and in what order.