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The Covid-19 pandemic situation redefines the rules of social and relational behavior. These changes affect the economic, political, individual and family dimension. In particular, families experience new challenges, related to the new ways of working, reorganizing and sharing living spaces and the need to renegotiate the domestic and care roles previously delegated outside. These new conditions of cohabitation can lead to the emergence of conflicts, with important consequences for the psychological well-being of the subjects. This survey is part of a wider multidisciplinary research and focuses on the redistribution of gender roles in domestic and care activities, on family conflict and on the happiness level of respondents. The quantitative survey involved 550 married/cohabiting subjects (76.0% women). The data underline how despite women continue to devote more time to home and care activities than men, this is not perceived as a conflict. Despite the partners spend more time at home, the difference in gender roles within the family is confirmed. The conflict is perceived especially in couples with children in the age of 7-11 and 12-14. During the lockdown period, men and women perceive a lower condition of happiness, and in relation to the normative value (pre-pandemic period). Furthermore, there is a lower perception of happiness in those who experience conflict situations. ; L'emergenza Covid-19 sta ridefinendo regole di comportamento sociale ma anche relazionali, che hanno inevitabili ripercussioni a livello economico, politico, individuale e famigliare. In particolare, le famiglie si sono trovate a sperimentare nuove sfide, dettate dalle nuove modalità di lavoro, dalla riorganizzazione e condivisione più assidua degli spazi abitativi e dalla necessità di rinegoziare i ruoli domestici e di cura, che spesso venivano delegati all'esterno. Tali nuove condizioni di convivenza possono portare al sorgere di conflitti, con importanti conseguenze per la salute psicologica dei soggetti. Il presente lavoro fa parte di una più ampia ricerca multidisciplinare e si focalizza sulla ridistribuzione dei ruoli nelle attività domestiche e di cura ai tempi del covid-19, sul conflitto familiare e sui livelli di felicità dei soggetti. La ricerca quantitativa ha coinvolto 550 soggetti coniugati/conviventi (76.0% donne). I risultati mostrano come benché la donna continui a dedicare maggior tempo alle attività domestiche e di cura rispetto all'uomo, questo non sia percepito come motivo di conflitto. Nonostante, quindi, entrambi i partner stiano passando maggior tempo tra le mura domestiche, permane la differenza dei ruoli rivestiti all'interno della famiglia. Il conflitto è percepito soprattutto nelle coppie con figli nella fascia d'età 7-11 e 12-14. Per quanto riguarda la percezione di benessere, misurato attraverso il costrutto della felicità, nella situazione di quarantena, sia per le donne che per gli uomini, è inferiore rispetto ai valori normativi di riferimento (condizione pre-pandemica). Si registra, inoltre, una percezione di benessere inferiore in coloro che sperimentano situazioni conflittuali.

On the night of 7 July 1937, an unexpected exchange of fire on the Marco Polo Bridge about 12 km from Peking, China, between a detachment of the Japanese garrison of Fengtang deployed in military exercises & a patrol unit of the Chinese army stationed in the region, broke the peace established by the 1932 Peace Accord that ended the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. While some commentators suggest that this incident marked the beginning of WWII, it did indeed indicate the start of a true war between China & Japan. After sketching the bellicose background of China-Japan relations in the early 20th century, diplomatic actions of the Joint Commission created by the incomplete Peace Accord are explored. In particular, the nonconforming (to the Anglo-US norm) behavior of the Italian representatives is examined. Details are also provided of the War of Shanghai (Aug-late Dec 1937). J. Sadler

Multiculturalism's main assumption is that 'diversity matters', and within contemporary multicultural societies the different religious experiences of the members are perceived as one of their most relevant features, one that might also lead to a number of dangerous and (at least seemingly) unsolvable conflicts. In the first and second sections of this article, I consider Bhikhu Parekh and Tariq Modood's positions concerning the relationship between multiculturalism and the variety of religious experiences, while in the third section I discuss the main theoretical problems that remain open. Essentially, such problems have all to do with the lack of an explicit addressing the issue of religious diversity from an effective intercultural perspective. Lastly, I try to bring back the variety of religious experiences to a different theoretical paradigm, which aims at importing some of the conceptual achievements of contemporary complexity theories into the social sciences' discourse. In doing so, my goal is not to elaborate a single model able to give definite answers, but rather, to the extent to which it is possible, to secure its flexibility, as well as its ability to adequate to the inputs coming from an unceasingly changing 'reality'. Adapted from the source document.

In the last decade, the Sierra Leone's diamond mines have been the focus of an intense debate among analysts and experts of the development. Two main interrelated issues have been at stake in this debate: first, to understand the economic and political reasons that had supported the civil war from 1991 to 2002 and, second, to understand how to convert a potential "conflict commodity" in a resource for peace and prosperity. In this paper, I intend to highlight some recurring stereotypes of this debate. In particular, I will focus on a constellation of representations that depict the artisanal miners either as workers poorly organized and prone to irrational economic behavior, or as workers subjected to forms of exploitation akin to slavery. Based on fieldwork conducted in the diamond mining areas of Sierra Leone (2007-2011), this article intends to analyze the main forms of working organization and distribution of earnings among the miners. By challenging some stereotypes characterizing the development discourse, my aim is to show the cultural complexity and the historical density of the practices through which the miners face the risks and uncertainties of their job.

This paper attempts to find a much-needed balance between data protection rights and trade secret rights on customer information in the European Union framework. Our analysis proposes a "shared management" of secret data between businesses and customers based on an operation of de-contextualization of customer databases. Several rights are in conflict in these two legal domains. For instance, the right to access to personal data and the new proposed right to "data portability" conflict with the interests of trade secret holders. What is even more problematic is that both analyzed legal frameworks are more and more based on a "proprietary" approach to data: they are both a form of abstract "monopoly". In a first step we analyze, in comparison with USA law, when and how the scope of data protection and trade secret protection coincide in practice, according to the proposed EU reforms in the field. As illustrated by literature, balancing rules in these two frameworks are vague and schizophrenic. However, from a literal interpretation of the analyzed it is possible to understand a "favor" for data protection rights. In analyzing the apparent favor to personality rights compared to other (e.g., economic) rights we investigate (both in USA and selected European states) trade secrets in the perspective of personality rights and data protection rights. As a result of our study we propose a change in perspective from the contrast between customers and businesses, to the conflict between customers and businessmen that enables us to verify whether and when personality rights of data subjects affect the above-mentioned personality rights of businessman in practice. the paper proposes to "decontextualize" secret data so that customers can access only data strictly related to their biographical information while trade secret holders can be free not to disclose the output of their data processing (behavior evaluation, forecast, studies on life expectancy, personalized marketing plan, pricing, etc.) if disclosure can adversely affect their interests. In this framework the "proprietary" approach of European laws must be caught as an opportunity, not as an obstacle: we can consider secret data as a "shared good" of customers and businessmen. A multi-level management of data should be based on interests that are common to customers and trade secret holders (secrecy and data updating).

Policy change is an issue ranking high in many governmental and academic agendas, especially in the old common Europe. Face to the problems of economic growth that since the 1970s affect many countries, policy change is expected to maintain, if not to improve, citizens' affluence and the availability of resources for enforcing social equity, however defined. Especially after Hall's seminal work, this implies to focus on the change of the paradigm that lies beyond public policies: Namely, as the relevant paradigms for growth‐oriented policies are economic, on the shift from demand‐sided to supply‐sided frameworks of reference. The analysis is supposed to highlight the role that different modes of accounting and evaluation play in stabilizing the paradigm shift: as a (more or less) meaningful discipline of whose players' behavior, and/or as a different arena where stakeholders, policy‐takers, administrative bodies and maybe executive bodies can clear their preferences up, align their framing, and finetune the implementation design to make it viable without losing the nature of change –i.e. fixing framing conflicts by argument and evidences, and allowing policy actors learning. The results could then link the research to the questions raised by detractors of the neoliberal paradigm when accusing it for harming democracy because of the narrower range of options it leaves to voters. This contribution could support the thesis for which the order that results from the paradigm shift is instead 'differently democratic', as it recognizes the need for a reauthorization of policy changes to come from the actors in the administrative field, in order to balance and refine the amorphous consent expressed by vote without reversing it. This would mean a different way for citizens to play political rights–not just as voters but also as those with a stake in the concrete way a "public" good is (poorly) produced and delivered here and now– and to deal with social conflict, in this way dispersed and at the same time attached to the concrete problem.

EnglishWilliam II called Rufus - William the Conqueror's third-born - was king of England from 1084 until his unexpected death in 1100. Being an excellent captain and a brave warrior, William Rufus succeeded in strengthen the English kingdom. He spent most of his regency in war against his older brother, and in direct conflict with the Church. His name will be remembered by the History, especially through the annals written immediately after his death, as one of the worst kings of England. In the 11th and 12th centuries, William Rufus became the example of everything a sovereign should not be: he missed every aspect of the kingship. He did not show nor gracefulness nor justice nor capability of government. His memorial image was created by ecclesiasticals that well remembered and abhorred his behavior towards the Church. In this paper I will briefly reconstruct the steps through which authors such as William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis described William II. Moreover, I will analyse John of Salinsbury, Gerald of Wales and Walter Map's works of the 12th century. They present the portrait of the evil sovereign as a comparison tool for the contemporaneity - he became an exemplum and his death emerged as "divine justice". italianoGuglielmo II detto Rufo, terzogenito di Guglielmo il Conquistatore, fu re d'Inghilterra dal 1084 al 1100, anno della sua improvvisa morte. Ottimo comandante e animo battagliero, Guglielmo Rufo riusci a rafforzare il regno inglese e passo gran parte della sua reggenza in guerra con suo fratello maggiore e in aperto contrasto con la Chiesa. Passera poi alla storia, tramite soprattutto la descrizione che ne daranno le cronache immediatamente successive la sua morte, come uno dei peggiori re d'Inghilterra. Durante l'XI e il XII secolo Guglielmo Rufo diventa l'exemplum di tutto cio che un re non sarebbe dovuto essere. Nessun aspetto della regalita gli appartiene: non la grazia, non la giustizia, non l'abilita di governo. Il ritratto di Guglielmo Rufo e creato da ecclesiastici che ben ricordano, e accusano, la sua condotta nei riguardi della Chiesa. In questo articolo sono ricostruite in breve le tappe attraverso le quali autori come Guglielmo di Malmesbury e Orderico Vitale hanno descritto Guglielmo Rufo; poi sono prese in analisi alcune opere del XII secolo, come quelle di Giovanni di Salisbury, Walter Map e Giraldo Cambrense, dove la figura del malvagio re inglese diventa metro di paragone e di confronto per la contemporaneita. Il re, la cui morte misteriosa fu un "atto di giustizia" divina, si trasforma da uomo in exemplum

[Italiano]: Il volume raccoglie gli interventi tenutisi al Convegno Internazionale Al di là del repubblicanesimo. Modernità politica e origini dello Stato. Esperienze e discipline a confronto (1350-1600), celebrato a Napoli nell'aprile del 2018, e incorpora un certo numero di altri contributi, ritenuti in linea con lo spirito dell'operazione. I lavori, nel loro insieme, conformano il quadro della ricca varietà di tradizioni e linguaggi intellettuali che dialogano e s'incrociano nel grande snodo della modernità, grosso modo tra XIV e XVII secolo: dalla tradizione giuridica a quella dell'ars dictaminis, a quella umanistica rinascimentale e post-rinascimentale, nutrite di pensiero classico, la riflessione investe le strutture concettuali e discorsive che – tra conflitti, contraddizioni e adattamenti – concorrono a formare l'idea moderna di Stato. Il "caso di studio" della Napoli aragonese (1442-1503), dimostra come questa realtà, storicamente determinata, abbia rappresentato un laboratorio d'avanguardia di tale modernità etica e socio-politica europea. L'ultima sezione affronta, da un punto di vista storico-critico e filosofico-politico, le sfide che l'epoca contemporanea pone alla modernità politica e alla dottrina, ma forse ancor più alla realtà stessa, dello Stato. Sullo sfondo, l'invito ad esplorare un approccio rinnovato alla concettualizzazione della politica e dei comportamenti pubblici, a partire dalla riflessione sul pensiero europeo tra basso Medioevo e prima Età moderna ./[English]: The volume collects the interventions held at the International Conference Beyond Republicanism. Political modernity and the origins of the State. Comparing experiences and disciplines (1350-1600), that took place in Naples during April 2018. It also includes a number of external contributions deemed in line with the spirit of the conference. The works included in the volume describe the rich variety of intersecting traditions and specialist languages that, roughly between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries, cross their paths during the great junction of modernity: from the juridical tradition to that of the ars dictaminis, to the humanities of the Reinassance and post-Reinassance period, all nourished by classical thought, the book's reflection invests the conceptual and discursive structures which - amid conflicts, contradictions and adaptations - combine to form the modern idea of the State. The "case study" of Aragonese Naples (1442-1503) demonstrates how this historically determined reality has represented an avant-garde laboratory of the European ethical and socio-political modernity. The last section addresses, from a historical-critical and philosophical-political point of view, the challenges that the contemporary era poses to political modernity and doctrine, and perhaps even more so to the nature of the State itself. In the background, the volume suggests to explore a renewed approach to the conceptualization of politics and public behavior, starting with a reflection on European thought between the late Middle Ages and the early modern age.

ITALIANO: Il volume raccoglie gli interventi tenutisi al Convegno Internazionale "Al di là del repubblicanesimo. Modernità politica e origini dello Stato. Esperienze e discipline a confronto (1350-1600)", celebrato a Napoli nell'aprile del 2018, e incorpora un certo numero di altri contributi, ritenuti in linea con lo spirito dell'operazione. I lavori, nel loro insieme, conformano il quadro della ricca varietà di tradizioni e linguaggi intellettuali che dialogano e s'incrociano nel grande snodo della modernità, grosso modo tra XIV e XVII secolo: dalla tradizione giuridica a quella dell'ars dictaminis, a quella umanistica rinascimentale e post-rinascimentale, nutrite di pensiero classico, la riflessione investe le strutture concettuali e discorsive che – tra conflitti, contraddizioni e adattamenti – concorrono a formare l'idea moderna di Stato. Il "caso di studio" della Napoli aragonese (1442-1503), dimostra come questa realtà, storicamente determinata, abbia rappresentato un laboratorio d'avanguardia di tale modernità etica e socio-politica europea. L'ultima sezione affronta, da un punto di vista storico-critico e filosofico-politico, le sfide che l'epoca contemporanea pone alla modernità politica e alla dottrina, ma forse ancor più alla realtà stessa, dello Stato. Sullo sfondo, l'invito ad esplorare un approccio rinnovato alla concettualizzazione della politica e dei comportamenti pubblici, a partire dalla riflessione sul pensiero europeo tra basso Medioevo e prima Età moderna. / ENGLISH: The volume collects the interventions held at the International Conference Beyond Republicanism. Political modernity and the origins of the State. Comparing experiences and disciplines (1350-1600), that took place in Naples during April 2018. It also includes a number of external contributions deemed in line with the spirit of the conference. The works included in the volume describe the rich variety of intersecting traditions and specialist languages that, roughly between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries, cross their paths during the great junction of modernity: from the juridical tradition to that of the ars dictaminis, to the humanities of the Reinassance and post-Reinassance period, all nourished by classical thought, the book's reflection invests the conceptual and discursive structures which - amid conflicts, contradictions and adaptations - combine to form the modern idea of the State. The "case study" of Aragonese Naples (1442-1503) demonstrates how this historically determined reality has represented an avant-garde laboratory of the European ethical and socio-political modernity. The last section addresses, from a historical-critical and philosophical-political point of view, the challenges that the contemporary era poses to political modernity and doctrine, and perhaps even more so to the nature of the State itself. In the background, the volume suggests to explore a renewed approach to the conceptualization of politics and public behavior, starting with a reflection on European thought between the late Middle Ages and the early modern age.

Fin dalla formulazione della teoria della tragedy of the commons di Garrett Hardin nel 1968, assistiamo, sia in ambito accademico sia nella società, a un rinnovato interesse per i commons, le forme collettive o comunitarie di gestione delle risorse ambientali. Questa tesi illustra il funzionamento di queste particolari istituzioni, concentrandosi su un caso di studio italiano, le cosiddette partecipanze agrarie emiliane, indagate adottando una prospettiva antropologica di lungo periodo. Se negli ultimi decenni si sono moltiplicate le ricerche etnografiche e gli studi sperimentali volti a spiegare il grado di performance raggiungibile dai commons, poca attenzione è stata data ai modi in cui questi si formano e si modificano nel tempo per adattarsi a situazioni ecologiche, economiche, politiche e sociali differenti. Sostenendo la necessità di adottare una metodologia il più possibile interdisciplinare, in cui l'antropologo dialoga con la storia, l'economia, la demografia e altre discipline, le domande che guidano la ricerca sono le seguenti: quando, dove e come sono emerse queste particolari istituzioni? Per quali motivi e in che modo sono cambiate nel corso del tempo? Quali fattori hanno permesso loro di continuare ad esistere o, al contrario, le hanno condannate all'estinzione? Quali conseguenze i commons recano all'ambiente e alla popolazione locale nel lungo periodo? In che modo il rapporto tra queste comunità umane e il loro ambiente forgia identità, memorie e comportamenti condivisi? Un'analisi di lungo periodo delle partecipanze agrarie emiliane evidenzia la complessità del fenomeno, in cui i principi di cooperazione sono sempre coesistiti con forti tensioni e conflitti sia interni che esterni, e dove le strategie di gate keeping ed esclusione dei non membri hanno portato nel corso dei secoli a modificare la struttura dei commons, la composizione della popolazione e l'ambiente circostante. ; Since the formulation of the "tragedy of the commons" theory by Garrett Hardin in 1968, we are witnessing, both in the academic world and the society, a renewed interest in the commons, the collective or communal forms of management of environmental resources. This thesis describes the functioning of these particular institutions, focusing on an Italian case study, the so-called "partecipanze agrarie" of Emilia, investigated by adopting a long term anthropological perspective. While during the last decades ethnographic and experimental studies tried to explain the level of performance reached by the commons, scarce attention has been given to the ways in which the commons are formed and change over time to adapt to different ecological, economic, political and social situations. Arguing the need to adopt an interdisciplinary methodology, where anthropology merges with history, economics, demography and other disciplines, the questions that guide the research are the following: When, where and how have the commons emerged? For what reasons and in what way have they changed over time? What factors have helped them to survive or, on the contrary, have condemned them to extinction? What consequences do the commons bring to the environment and to the local population in the long run? How has the relationship between these human communities and their environment forged identities, memories and a shared behavior? A long term analysis of the "partecipanze agrarie" highlights the complexity of the phenomenon, in which principles of cooperation have always coexisted with strong tensions and conflicts, both internal and external, and where gate-keeping strategies and the exclusion of non-members have led to modify over the centuries the structure of the commons, the composition of the population and the surrounding environment.