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TRANSGANG aims to develop a renewed model for the analysis of transnational youth gangs in the global age, in dialogue with two classics of urban ethnography, published nearly a century ago: The Gang, by F.M. Thrasher (1926) and The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, by W. I. Thomas and F. Znaniecki (1918- 1920). To do this, the project will start by a systematic review of the historical literature on youth gangs, which will try to overcome the north-Americancentrism, dominant in contemporary criminology. The central phase of the research will focus on a multisited and multilevel ethnography that will explore experiences in which gangs have acted as agents of mediation, as well as the barriers that have blocked these attempts. The project will compare street youth organizations from two transnational communities -Latinos and Arabs-, both in their homelands and in their new European neighbourhoods. Starting with three case studies of "good practices" in Barcelona, Medellin and Casablanca, which will be studied in depth, contrasts with other cases in which other policies have been implemented will be established: Madrid, Marseille and Milan in southern Europe; Oran, Tunis and Cairo in north Africa; Chicago, Santiago de Cuba and San Salvador in the Americas. Using an experimental approach based on the "extended case method", it will have as its theme the making of a film that collects the experience of members or former members of gangs who have participated in mediation experiences. The ultimate goal is to develop a renewed transnational, inter-generational, intergeneric and transmedia approach to Twenty-Firstcentury gangs, very different from the local, coeval, male and face-to-face model used for understanding gangs in the Twentieth century. Although the focus of the project is theoretical, its purpose is applied: to deduce more effective ways of intervention to prevent the hegemony of the criminal gang model that appears as dominant in the neoliberal era. ; The TRANSGANG project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's HORIZON 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement nº 742705

The purpose of the article is to analyze the culturological basis of mediation on the basis of available literature on the problems of culturological aspects of mediation in the context of globalization. After all, the very mediation of culture in the context of globalization makes it possible to resolve extremely complex and controversial issues of social relations, both internal and external. In the context of globalization challenges, resolving the conflicts of international civilizational cooperation gives hope for the further preservation of peace on the globe and for the further evolution of the world community. In addition, the study of this problem allows us to ensure that this issue is not only relevant but also poorly researched.
The methodological basis of this scientific research is culturological methods of analysis of the mediating role of intercultural dialogue in the further establishment of international cooperation in the context of civilizational globalization.
The result of the research is constructive conclusions of the analysis of the existing literature on the issues of cultural mediation, demonstration of achievements in the process of resolving international conflict situations through indirect dialogue of cultures in the context of civilizational globalization.
The scientific novelty of the article is that by studying the achievements of indirect application of intercultural dialogue, the world community gets an additional opportunity for further international cooperation in resolving urgent conflict challenges, which allows the world community to maintain sustainable peace on the planet.
The practical significance of this article is that its results can be useful for further research on this topic. At the same time, they can become material in the process of preparing scientific and methodological documentation for cultural courses.

This article examines the role of negative emotions in the process of international mediation. In particular, it investigates how perceptions of disputant negative emotions influence the tactics that mediators employ. Using the classification of mediator tactics into communicator, formulator or manipulator, the article argues that communicator- or formulator-oriented tactics are adopted more frequently when a mediator perceives negative emotions, such as anger or fear. The results of a web survey of North American mediators that classified mediation tactics are presented. The authors also interviewed international mediators and diplomats who have formally or informally, officially or unofficially, mediated intra-state and inter-state conflicts. Mediators are found to be more inclined to assume communicator- or formulator-oriented tactics when confronted with negative emotions. Our empirical analysis of negative emotions sheds light on the choice of mediation tactics in the field of international mediation, and offers valuable insights to scholars and practitioners of negotiation, diplomacy, international relations and political science. Adapted from the source document.

The third edition of Dr. Allan Barsky's (2017) book entitled Conflict Resolution for the Helping Professions: Negotiation, Mediation, Advocacy, Facilitation and Restorative Justice is reviewed based on content, style, and relevance to the field of conflict resolution. The third edition offers an expanded exploration of conflict resolution across practice settings, making it an instructive read for diverse professionals interested in learning how to best help others resolve conflict. The scaffolding structure of the text, the problem‐solving approach embedded into the presentation of the materials, and the use of real‐life examples makes this an important source for educators and trainers in the field of conflict resolution.

Despite the frequent failure of mediation efforts, the potential negative impact of this outcome on conflict dynamics in civil wars has not been systematically studied. Starting from the assumption that the failure of mediation may cause the conflict parties to conclude that non-violent strategies are ineffective, we develop a rationalist model to explain under what conditions mediation failure might lead to the escalation of violence. Shifts in the degree of negotiability of the conflict parties' goals and in the balance of their internal structure (relative strength of hardliners and moderates) are taken as explanatory variables. We test our hypotheses with a qualitative comparison of 23 cases of failed civil war mediation from around the globe. While shifting goals are rarely observed, it is shown how the strengthening of hardliners in the wake of mediation failure has significant explanatory power. Adapted from the source document.

Avruch reviews Taming Intractable Conflicts: Mediation in the Hardest Cases by Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall.

Conflict resolution in a changing world / Committee on International Conflict Resolution -- Evaluating interventions in history : the case of international conflict resolution / Paul C. Stern and Daniel Druckman -- Defining moment : the threat and use of force in American foreign policy since 1989 / Barry M. Blechman and Tamara Cofman Wittes -- Economic sanctions and post-Cold War conflicts : challenges for theory and policy / Bruce W. Jentleson -- Spoiler problems in peace processes / Stephen John Stedman -- Ripeness : the hurting stalemate and beyond / I. William Zartman -- Interactive conflict resolution : a view for policy makers on making and building peace / Harold H. Saunders [and others] -- Interactive conflict resolution : issues in theory, methodology, and evaluation / Nadim N. Rouhana -- Past truths, present dangers : the role of official truth seeking in conflict resolution and prevention / Priscilla B. Hayner -- New challenges to conflict resolution : humanitarian nongovernmental organizations in complex emergencies / Janice Gross Stein -- Electoral systems and conflict in divided societies / Ben Reilly and Andrew Reynolds -- Autonomy as a strategy for diffusing conflict / Yash Ghai -- Language conflict and violence : the straw that strengthens the camel's back / David D. Laitin -- The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe : its contribution to conflict prevention and resolution / P. Terrence Hopmann.

This paper examines some factors that may help to explain how mediators in international conflict structure their intervention & choose their behavior. We argue that mediators may adopt a range of strategies, which may be described as directive & nondirective strategies. We develop some hypotheses that link the effectiveness of these strategies to three basic factors, nature of the issues, membership of a common bloc, & perceptions of trust in a mediator. We use a data set on international mediation events in the 1945-1995 period to assess empirically how each of these affects mediation outcomes. We find that, in general, directive strategies are more effective than nondirective ones, & trust in a mediator is a particularly important dimension in explaining mediator strategy & success. 5 Tables, 29 References. Adapted from the source document.

Conflicts that endure despite repeated good faith attempts to resolve them are considered intractable. Such conflicts can exist at the family, organizational, community, & international levels & present conflict resolution practitioners with extraordinarily difficult challenges. Over time, they can become highly complex, mercurial, & malignant, & render standard methods of conflict resolution such as negotiation & mediation less effective. This article is the 3rd in a 3-part series presenting a meta-framework for addressing protracted, intractable conflicts. It offers a new approach to conflict analysis & intervention that is responsive to the complex dynamics & long-term natures of these problems. A set of guidelines for intervention is outlined & applied to a contemporary case for illustration. Adapted from the source document.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables, Figures and Appendixes -- Foreword -- Preface -- Maori Welcome -- 1. The Last Child-Seventh Generation Ethic -- NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES -- 2. Comprehensive Security -- 3. The Public Pursuit of Peace: What Can a Small Country Do? -- 4. Should Deterrence Fail: Consequences of Nuclear War for Non-Combatant Countries -- 5. China's Role in the Search for Peace in Asia -- 6. New Thinking and International Changes -- ANALYTICAL APPROACHES -- 7. Past and Future Wars -- 8. Paths to Peace? Theories of Conflict Resolution and Realities of International Politics -- 9. Controlling International Crises in the 1980s -- 10. In Pursuit of Disarmament -- 11. Mediation as a Technique of Dispute Settlement: Appraisal and Prospects -- 12. International Peacekeeping -- BROADER ISSUES -- 13. The Moral Paradigms of the Superpowers: A Third World Perspective -- 14. Role of the Church in Conflict Resolution -- 15. Search for Peace under Conditions of a "Technological Fix, -- 16. Justice, Peace and the Preservation of Nature -- 17. The Quest for Security Viewed as a Whole-System Problem -- References -- Contributors -- Index.

In this paper, we explore the process by which initially reluctant protagonists come to accept diplomacy to resolve their conflicts; we refer to this as "softening up." Although some studies exploring mediation and negotiation initiation have identified a number of important factors, they have produced largely modest results. These modest findings may reflect the fact that the conditions that promote diplomacy do so only after disputants have been softened up, thereby producing results that are statistically significant, but not substantively strong, unless one controls for a softening effect. In this paper, we develop and test a model of softening up. We do so by studying all pairs of rival states in the period 1946-1995. Adapted from the source document.

Daniel O'Quinn investigates the complex interpersonal, political, and aesthetic relationships between Europeans and Ottomans in the long eighteenth century. Bookmarking his analysis with the conflict leading to the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz on one end and the 1815 bid for Greek independence on the other, he follows the fortunes of notable British, Dutch, and French diplomats to the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire as they lived and worked according to the capitulations surrendered to the Sultan.Closely reading a mixed archive of drawings, maps, letters, dispatches, memoirs, travel narratives, engraved books, paintings, poems, and architecture, O'Quinn demonstrates the extent to which the Ottoman state was not only the subject of historical curiosity in Europe but also a key foil against which Western theories of governance were articulated. Juxtaposing narrative accounts of diplomatic life in Constantinople, such as those contained in the letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of the English ambassador, with visual depictions such as those of the costumes of the Ottoman elite produced by the French-Flemish painter Jean Baptiste Vanmour, he traces the dissemination of European representations and interpretations of the Ottoman Empire throughout eighteenth-century material culture.In a series of eight interlocking chapters, O'Quinn presents sustained and detailed case studies of particular objects, personalities, and historical contexts, framing intercultural encounters between East and West through a set of key concerns: translation, mediation, sociability, and hospitality. Richly illustrated and provocatively argued, Engaging the Ottoman Empire demonstrates that study of the Ottoman world is vital to understanding European modernity