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Corruption exists in all political jurisdictions globally, but it is believed to be more pronounced in transitional democracies especially African countries. Due to the extent of corruption in African countries, scholars and practitioners in the fields of public policy and development studies suggest that corruption has significantly undermined, and continues to undermine development on the continent. Using Africa as a case study and selected theoretical models, this paper views corruption as a transaction process and provides a model to explain how the transaction occurs between the actors involved. It also explores how corruption diminishes efforts towards the development of Africa, and proposes a comprehensive framework that can be adopted to curb the canker of corruption in Africa. The study adopted the content analysis technique within qualitative study. It thus, draws extensively on existing literature available in peer reviewed articles, conference and government reports, books and magazines. Among the key findings of the study are that; corruption is a two-way affair, which manifests in some sort of demand and supply. It was also found out that the prevalence of weak bureaucratic institutions and systems (context) and the manner of how transactions are conducted (process) all contribute to promotion of corruption in developing African countries. In order to address the problem of corruption, the study recommends the adoption of a holistic approach, which involves a strong political will to enforce law and order, strengthening state institutions to detect, expose and prosecute culprits irrespective of their status and political affiliation. The paper also suggests that bureaucratic and political elites should take the lead in fighting corruption by conducting themselves in a manner that will inspire trust and confidence in the entire political system.

Corruption is a systemic inherent mechanism of the the modern capitalist economy. The forms of corruption are always ahead of the law, today dominate the different forms of "legalized corruption" (consultant contracts for politicians, rewards for the top management without performance, and similar). The global structure of corruption in different stages is shown by the examples Lockheed, Elf Aquitaine, Enron and private garbage incineration plants in German cities. The actual neoliberal globalism has generated the most advanced stage of national and global corruption in the history of capitalism. The standards are developed mainly in the United States of America. During the last decade anti-corruption-programs and laws have been elaborated. The worldwide anti-corruption organisation "Transparency International" has reached high estimation in companies und international organisations (World Bank and others) but shows the first signs of collusion. (Prokla / FUB)

Corruption is a systemic inherent mechanism of the the modem capitalist economy. The forms of corruption are always ahead of the the law, today dominate the different forms of "legalized corruption" (consultant contracts for politicians, rewards for the top management without performance, and similar). The global structure of corruption in different stages is shown by the examples Lockheed, Elf Aquitaine, Enron and private garbage incineration plants in german cities. The actual neoliberal globalism has generated the most advanced stage of national and global corruption in the history of capitalism. The standards are developed mainly in the United States of America. During the last decade anti-corruptionprograms and laws have been elaborated. The worldwide anti-corruption organisation "Transparency International" has reached high estimation in companies und international organisations (World Bank and others) but shows the first signs of collusion.

In the last decades, a growing awareness has emerged in progressive social movements about the relevance of corruption as a hidden factor that negatively influences political and economic decision-making processes in both liberal-democratic and authoritarian regimes. Rampant corruption has been denounced by social movements, which have developed specific diagnostic and prognostic frames as well as knowledge and practices for the social accountability of political and economic powers. This contribution maps some of the characteristics of civil society as anti-corruption actors, reflecting on the theoretical challenges they present for social movement theory and for research on corruption and anti-corruption. In order to understand the emergence and outcomes of these mobilizations against corruption, it bridges two bodies of literature which have only very rarely crossed paths: corruption studies and social movement studies. Departing from the traditional visions of anti-corruption from below within corruption studies, the article brings upon social movement studies in order to synthetize some of the main context, organizational forms and framing of (anti-)corruption in today's contentious politics.

Front Matter -- Copyright -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- 1. Rethinking how we approach corruption -- 2. The policy analysis of corruption problems -- 3. Rethinking actionable measurement -- 4. Rethinking corruption and democracy -- 5. Rethinking capitalism and corruption -- 6. Rethinking corruption as a social dilemma -- 7. The post-truth about corruption -- References -- Index.

Introduction -- 1. Where in the world is corruption most prevalent? / Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser -- 2. The founding fathers were corruption fighters / John Joseph Wallis -- 3. Modern-day politics and the abuse of the public trust / Voice of America -- 4. The search for the most corrupt state in the US / Oguzhan Dincer and Michael Johnston -- 5. When is a gift a bribe? / Judy Nadler and Miriam Schulman -- 6. Those with the wealth also have the power / G. William Domhoff -- 7. Wealth inequality data is nonsense / Scott Sumner -- 8. Unleashed campaign spending thanks to Citizens United / Gary Beckner and Richard Posner -- 9. How Citizens United changed the rules of the game / Represent.Us -- 10. Comments on the deeply flawed US electoral system / Andrew Gumbel -- 11. Corruption even worse since the 2016 election / Transparency International -- 12. The roles of fear and relief in fighting corruption / Jermyn Brooks -- 13. Curbing corruption with transparency, tchnology, and more / Augusto Lopez-Claros -- 14. Social media and youth activists in anti-corruption campaigns / Mariana Ceratti -- 15. What could stop corruption in America? / Represent.Us -- Organizations to contact -- Bibliography -- Index

Looks at the tension between ethical and professional behaviour of government officers on the one hand and their involvement in the market place on the other. Constant market place activity is expensive and staff and organisational strategy will inevitably seek to reduce it, but at what price without the protection of a declared culture of fairness and impartiality. (JLN)