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ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the records of the Nursing evolutions of the hospitalization unit in Cardiology and Coronary Intensive Care Unit contextualized in the Nursing process. Method: this is a quantitative, exploratory and descriptive study, through a systematized reading of medical records. 150 Nursing evolutions were read using a digital script for tabulation, and later statistical analysis of the data. The data were presented through descriptive statistics. Results: it is noteworthy that among the Nursing diagnoses identified, 42.45% were not presented as identifiable data in Nursing evolutions; the evolution of the nursing diagnosis remained unchanged in 87.83% of the cases and the most used diagnosis was the risk of infection. Conclusion: it is concluded that the Nursing evolutions have not been carried out in a manner consistent with the choice and evolution of the Nursing diagnosis and the care plan. It is considered that nurses should appropriate nursing diagnoses using them in their practice in order to provide quality care and not just comply with legislation. Descritores: Nursing Research; Nursing Process; Nursing Assessment; Nursing Diagnosis; Nursing Records; Nursing Care.RESUMOObjetivo: avaliar os registros das evoluções de Enfermagem da unidade de internação em Cardiologia e Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Coronariana contextualizadas no processo de Enfermagem. Método: trata-se de estudo quantitativo, exploratório e descritivo, por meio de uma leitura sistematizada de prontuários. Leram-se 150 evoluções de Enfermagem utilizando-se roteiro digital para a tabulação, e posterior análise estatística dos dados. Apresentaram-se os dados por meio de estatística descritiva Resultados: ressalta-se que, dentre os diagnósticos de Enfermagem identificados, 42,45% não foram apresentados sob a forma de dados identificáveis nas evoluções de Enfermagem; a evolução do diagnóstico de Enfermagem manteve-se inalterada em 87,83% dos casos e o diagnóstico mais utilizado foi o de risco de infecção. Conclusão: conclui-se que as evoluções de Enfermagem não têm sido realizadas de maneira coerente com a escolha e a evolução do diagnóstico de Enfermagem e o plano de cuidados. Considera-se que os enfermeiros devem se apropriar dos diagnósticos de Enfermagem utilizando-os, em sua prática, a fim de proporcionar a assistência de qualidade e não apenas cumprir a legislação. Descritores: Pesquisa em Enfermagem; Processo de Enfermagem; Avaliação em Enfermagem; Diagnóstico de Enfermagem; Registros de Enfermagem; Cuidados de Enfermagem. RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar los registros de las evoluciones de Enfermería de la unidad de internación en Cardiología y Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Coronaria contextualizadas en el proceso de Enfermería. Método: se trata de estudio cuantitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, por medio de una lectura sistematizada de prontuarios. Se le dieron 150 evoluciones de Enfermería utilizando guion digital para la tabulación, y posterior análisis estadístico de los datos. Se presentaron los datos por medio de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se resalta que, entre los diagnósticos de Enfermería identificados, el 42,45% no fueron presentados bajo la forma de datos identificables en las evoluciones de Enfermería; la evolución del diagnóstico de Enfermería se mantuvo inalterada en el 87,83% de los casos y el diagnóstico más utilizado fue el de riesgo de infección. Conclusión: se concluye que las evoluciones de Enfermería no se han realizado de manera coherente con la elección y la evolución del diagnóstico de Enfermería y el plan de cuidados. Se considera que los enfermeros deben apropiarse de los diagnósticos de enfermería utilizando en su práctica, a fin de proporcionar la asistencia de calidad y no sólo cumplir la legislación. Descritores: Investigación en Enfermería; Proceso de Enfermería; Evaluación en Enfermería; Diagnóstico de Enfermería; Registros de Enfermería; Atención de Enfermería. ; RESUMOObjetivo: avaliar os registros das evoluções de Enfermagem da unidade de internação em Cardiologia e Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Coronariana contextualizadas no processo de Enfermagem. Método: trata-se de estudo quantitativo, exploratório e descritivo, por meio de uma leitura sistematizada de prontuários. Leram-se 150 evoluções de Enfermagem utilizando-se roteiro digital para a tabulação, e posterior análise estatística dos dados. Apresentaram-se os dados por meio de estatística descritiva Resultados: ressalta-se que, dentre os diagnósticos de Enfermagem identificados, 42,45% não foram apresentados sob a forma de dados identificáveis nas evoluções de Enfermagem; a evolução do diagnóstico de Enfermagem manteve-se inalterada em 87,83% dos casos e o diagnóstico mais utilizado foi o de risco de infecção. Conclusão: conclui-se que as evoluções de Enfermagem não têm sido realizadas de maneira coerente com a escolha e a evolução do diagnóstico de Enfermagem e o plano de cuidados. Considera-se que os enfermeiros devem se apropriar dos diagnósticos de Enfermagem utilizando-os, em sua prática, a fim de proporcionar a assistência de qualidade e não apenas cumprir a legislação. Descritores: Pesquisa em Enfermagem; Processo de Enfermagem; Avaliação em Enfermagem; Diagnóstico de Enfermagem; Registros de Enfermagem; Cuidados de Enfermagem. ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the records of the Nursing evolutions of the hospitalization unit in Cardiology and Coronary Intensive Care Unit contextualized in the Nursing process. Method: this is a quantitative, exploratory and descriptive study, through a systematized reading of medical records. 150 Nursing evolutions were read using a digital script for tabulation, and later statistical analysis of the data. The data were presented through descriptive statistics. Results: it is noteworthy that among the Nursing diagnoses identified, 42.45% were not presented as identifiable data in Nursing evolutions; the evolution of the nursing diagnosis remained unchanged in 87.83% of the cases and the most used diagnosis was the risk of infection. Conclusion: it is concluded that the Nursing evolutions have not been carried out in a manner consistent with the choice and evolution of the Nursing diagnosis and the care plan. It is considered that nurses should appropriate nursing diagnoses using them in their practice in order to provide quality care and not just comply with legislation. Descritores: Nursing Research; Nursing Process; Nursing Assessment; Nursing Diagnosis; Nursing Records; Nursing Care.RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar los registros de las evoluciones de Enfermería de la unidad de internación en Cardiología y Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Coronaria contextualizadas en el proceso de Enfermería. Método: se trata de estudio cuantitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, por medio de una lectura sistematizada de prontuarios. Se le dieron 150 evoluciones de Enfermería utilizando guion digital para la tabulación, y posterior análisis estadístico de los datos. Se presentaron los datos por medio de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se resalta que, entre los diagnósticos de Enfermería identificados, el 42,45% no fueron presentados bajo la forma de datos identificables en las evoluciones de Enfermería; la evolución del diagnóstico de Enfermería se mantuvo inalterada en el 87,83% de los casos y el diagnóstico más utilizado fue el de riesgo de infección. Conclusión: se concluye que las evoluciones de Enfermería no se han realizado de manera coherente con la elección y la evolución del diagnóstico de Enfermería y el plan de cuidados. Se considera que los enfermeros deben apropiarse de los diagnósticos de enfermería utilizando en su práctica, a fin de proporcionar la asistencia de calidad y no sólo cumplir la legislación. Descritores: Investigación en Enfermería; Proceso de Enfermería; Evaluación en Enfermería; Diagnóstico de Enfermería; Registros de Enfermería; Atención de Enfermería.

The urgent need to preserve multiple ecosystem services is one of the key challenges in natural resource management globally. A management decision can cause undesired con- sequences when a decision is made without a comprehensive understanding of provided ecosystems services. These consequences can lead to trade-off situations when a service increases at the cost of another service. An informed decision is therefore crucial to re- duce unexpected trade-offs between ecosystem services and to preserve multiple ecosystem services at the same time. The international community initiated the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) to strengthen the link between the scientific evidence and policy making. To support the IPBES process, various review studies have been conducted in the ecosystem services research community. Yet, they often appear to be qualitative; therefore, a quantitative synthesis on relation- ships requires further investigation. At the same time, an effective way of quantifying less-studied ecosystem services (i.e., cultural ecosystem services) has to be found. The first two studies presented in this thesis contribute to the synthesis of case studies on relationships between multiple ecosystem services. In the first study, a dominant re- lationship between pairwise combinations of ecosystem services was determined based on 67 case studies with 476 pairs of ecosystem services. Also, the effect of scale, land sys- tems (a combined measure of land use and bioms), and the methods used to determine the relationship on the pattern of dominant relationships was tested. Across case studies, the trade-off relationships were dominant between provisioning and regulating services, whereas synergistic relationships were dominant between different regulating services, or between different cultural services. Increases in cultural services did not influence regulat- ing services, which led to no-effect relationships between them. The dominant pattern of relationships was not influenced by either scale or land system archetype. It is partly due to biased case studies, which hampered the comparison. The method used to determine the relationships influenced the direction of relationships between ecosystem services, which calls for further attention when a researcher or practitioner chooses a method to analyze relationships between ecosystem services. The relationships were further investigated based on the management choices in the sec- ond study. The second study focuses on the impacts of alternative agricultural practices on multiple ecosystem services in the Mediterranean basin using the meta-analysis method. As the ecosystem services provisioning in the Mediterranean basin is threatened by on- going climate change and unsustainable use of rural land, the alternative agricultural management approaches may reduce unexpected trade-offs between agricultural produc- tion and regulating services. The frequently found alternative agricultural practices in case studies (conservation tillage, cover cropping, mulching, manual weed management, organic fertilizer use, irrigation system) were compared to the pairwise conventional prac- tices based on 155 published case studies. The results showed that all regulating services were positively affected by the conservation schemes since they improve the soil quality. However, the impacts on food provisioning services were inconsistent. In the last study, a new methodological framework was developed to quantify and map cultural ecosystem services using crowd-sourced photos uploaded in the Flickr archive.Subsequently, the quantified cultural ecosystem services were compared with other services such as carbon sequestration and flora and fauna diversity in the Mulde watershed in Saxony, Germany. Based on semantic tags and the network analysis of tags, the thematic information of photos was classified into nine clusters, two of which were related to cultural ecosystem services. The hotspots identified based on the contents of photos were related to butterfly richness. Photos were rarely related to carbon sequestration. Taken together, this PhD thesis investigated relationships between multiple ecosystem ser- vices on three different spatial scales: a global synthesis, Mediterranean agro-ecosystems and the river Mulde watershed. The results of this thesis emphasize that trade-off and synergy effects need to be evaluated to successfully assess multiple ecosystem services. I further identified a lack of results in cultural services and therefore provide a methodolog- ical guideline to perform a quantification of cultural ecosystem service. ; Es besteht ein unmittelbarer Handlungsbedarf um Ökosystemdienstleistungen (ÖSD) zu erhalten und dies ist eine der größten, aktuellen Herausforderung bei der Nutzung natür- licher Ressourcen und Ökosysteme. Entscheidungen über die Nutzung und Bewirtschaf- tung unserer Landschaft können unerwünschte Folgen haben, wenn die Entscheidung nicht auf einem umfassenden Verständnis der ÖSD basiert. Diese unerwünschten Folgen er- fordern Kosten-Nutzen Abwägungen (trade-offs), vor allem dann wenn eine Ökosystemdi- enstleistung wächst zu Lasten einer anderen sinkenden Leistung. Eine allumfassende, auf gutem Wissen basierende Entscheidung ist demnach unabdingbar um unerwartete Kosten zu reduzieren und zahlreiche ÖSD gleichzeitig zu erhalten. Die internationale Gemein- schaft hat die Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) ins Leben gerufen um die Zusammenarbeit zwischen wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen und politischen Entscheidungen zu stärken. Um die Realisierung von IPBES zu unterstützen wurden zahlreiche Literaturstudien in des ÖSD Gemeinschaft durchge- führt. Diese Literaturstudien erscheinen jedoch oft als qualitative Zusammenfassung, aber eine quantitative Untersuchung über diesen Zusammenhang werden noch benötigt. Ein qualitativer Zusammenfassung über diese Beziehung und der Einfluss von Verwaltungs- maßnahmen auf die Beziehung benötigen noch weitere Untersuchen in Fallstudien um in politische Entscheidungsprozesse eingebunden werden zu können. Gleichzeitig müssen in Zukunft effiziente Methoden zur Quantifizierung weniger untersuchter ÖSD gefunden werden. Gleichzeitig muss eine effiziente Methode um weniger untersuchte ÖSD, wie z.B. kulturelle Dienstleistungen, zu erfassen, gefunden werden. Die ersten beiden hier vorgestellten Studien tragen zur Synthese von Fallstudien über den Zusammenhang mehrerer ÖSD bei. Zuerst wurde ein starker Zusammenhang in 67 Fallstu- dien mit 475 gepaarten ÖSD herausgearbeitet. Auch der Effekt von Skala, Landsystemen (einem kombinierten Maß aus Landnutzung und Biomen) und der Methode, die zur Fest- stellung des Zusammenhanges zwischen zwei starken Verbindungen herangezogen wurde, wurden untersucht. Über alle Studien hinweg lag die Kosten-Nutzen Abwägung vor allem zwischen Versorgungsleistungen und regulierenden Leistungen, wohingegen synergistische Beziehungen vor allem bei verschiedenen regulierenden Leistungen zu finden waren oder zwischen kulturellen Leistungen. Eine Steigerung der kulturellen Leistungen beeinflusste die regulierenden Leistungen nicht, was zu einer 'ohne-Effekt-Beziehung' zwischen den bei- den führte. Das vorliegende Muster der Beziehungen wurde nicht durch die Skala oder das Landsystem beeinflusst. Dies ist teilweise durch Fallstudien mit systematischen Fehlern, die die Vergleichbarkeit behindern, beeinflusst. Die Beziehung zwischen ÖSD wurde auch von der Methode, die für die Erfassung der Zusammenhänge genutzt wurde, beeinflusst. Dies erfordert eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit, wenn ein Wissenschaftler oder Praktiker eine Methode zur Analyse der Beziehung zwischen ÖSD heranzieht. Die Zusammenhänge wurden in der zweiten Studie im Zusammenhang mit Nutzungsentscheidungen untersucht. In einer Meta-Analyse wird dabei der Einfluss alter- nativer landwirtschaftlicher Bewirtschaftungsmethoden auf mehrere ÖSD im Mittelmeer- raum untersucht. Die Versorgungsleistungen im Mittelmeerraum werden von Klimawan- del und nichtnachhaltiger Landnutzung der ländlichen Gebiete bedroht. Die alternativen landwirtschaftlichen Bewirtschaftungsmethoden könnten die unerwarteten Kompromisse (trade-offs) zwischen landwirtschaftlicher Produktion und regulierenden Leistungen re- duzieren. Die oft gefundenen alternativen Bewirtschaftungsformen in den Fallstudien (konservierende Bodenbearbeitung, Deckfrüchte anbauen, mulchen, manuelle Unkraut- entfernung, organischer Dünger, Bewässerungsanlagen) wurden mit paarweisen konven- tionellen Praktiken verglichen, basierend auf 155 veröffentlichten Fallstudien. Die Ergeb- nisse zeigten, dass alle regulierenden Leistungen positiv von den Naturschutzmaßnahmen beeinflusst wurden, da es die Bodenqualität verbessern konnte. Jedoch waren die Einflüsse auf Ernährungsversorgungleistungen inkonsistent. In der letzten Studie dieser Dissertation wurde ein neues methodisches Konzept entwickelt um kulturelle Dienstleistungen zu quantifizieren und kartographisch darzustellen, durch die Fotos, die von vielen Nutzern (crowd-sourcing) auf Flickr zur Verfügung gestellt wur- den. Folglich wurden die so quantifizierten kulturellen Leistungen mit anderen ÖSD, wie Kohlenstoffsequestrierung und Diversität der Flora und Fauna im Mulde Wassereinzugs- gebiet in Sachsen in Deutschland verglichen. Auf Grundlage von semantischen Etiketten ('tags') und der Netzwerkanalyse dieser 'tags', wurde die thematische Zugehörigkeit der Bilder in 9 Kategorien eingeteilt, von denen zwei im Zusammenhang mit kulturellen Dien- stleistungen standen. Der 'Hotspot', der durch den Inhalt der Bilder identifiziert werden konnte, lag bei Schmetterlingsdiversität. Bilder konnten selten in einen Zusammenhang mit Kohlenstoffsequenzierung gebracht werden. Zusammengefasst betrachtet die vorliegende Doktorarbeit den Zusammenhang zwischen mehreren ÖSD auf drei verschiedenen räumlichen Skalen: auf der globalen Ebene, in mediterranen Agroökosystemen und im Einzugsgebiet des Flusses Mulde. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass Kosten-Nutzen Abwägungen und Synergien evaluiert werden müssen um mehrere ÖSD erfolgreich feststellen zu können. Ich habe weiterhin festgestellt, dass Ergebnisse zu kulturellen Dienstleistungen weitestgehend fehlen und stelle deswegen eine methodische Leitlinie für eine Evaluierung von kulturellen Dienstleistungen vor.

Actualment, la demanda d'energia per satisfer el confort tèrmic en edificació és un dels majors reptes per a les administracions. Per tant, l'eficiència dels diferents sistemes d'emmagatzematge d'energia s està investigant intensament per la comunitat científica. Una alternativa viable és l'ús de materials de canvi de fase (PCM). Les parafines han estat molt utilitzades com PCM per la seva alta capacitat d'emmagatzematge de calor (al voltant de 100-130 kJ·kg-1) i la seva baixa temperatura de fusió la qual és molt estable. A més, el consum d'energia i les oscil·lacions de la temperatura internes d'edificis es poden reduir quan un PCM s'incorpora en evolvents. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és el desenvolupament de nous materials que continguin PCM basant-se en l'estudi del procés per obtenir la correcta introducció del PCM dins el material. A més, les propietats termofísiques d'aquests nous materials s'han de conèixer i per tant caracteritzar a nivell de laboratori. Aquesta tesi doctoral se centra en els treballs publicats en revistes científiques amb alt factor d'impacte indexats al camp de l Energia els quals reflecteixen treball realitzat. D'altra banda, aquesta tesi conté una revisió de l'estat de l'art destacant els requisits per a un PCM i llista tots els tipus de PCM disponibles al mercat i utilitzats en investigació. D'altra banda, un nou concepte de material compost que incorpora PCM ha estat desenvolupat en aquesta tesi. Aquest compost té la matriu polimèrica, i inclou un residu del procés de reciclatge de l acer. D'aquesta manera s'obtenen làmines denses que es poden modelar. La fabricació d'aquest material podria considerar-se un mètode per a la reutilització d'aquest residu. D'altra banda, aquest tipus de residus conté òxids de metalls pesants que augmenten les propietats d'aïllant acústic de la làmina aconseguint millorar el resultat final de la solució constructiva. A més, el comportament termofísico dels materials compostos utilitzats en edificis és difícil de caracteritzar i l'anàlisi tèrmica dels PCM és un pas necessari per al disseny dels mateixos. Les dues primeres caracteritzacions termofísiques estudiades en aquesta tesi es van realitzar mitjançant corbes calorimètriques que és una de les tècniques més potents disponibles actualment. tres estudis més van ser van realitzar amb dispositius desenvolupats per diferents grups d'investigació a Espanya per tal de mesurar les propietats termofísiques dels materials compostos o materials multicapa que incorporen PCM. ; Hoy en día, la demanda de energía para satisfacer el confort térmico en edificación es uno de los mayores desafíos para las administraciones. Por lo tanto, la eficiencia de los diferentes sistemas de almacenamiento de energía está siendo intensamente investigado por la comunidad científica. Una alternativa viable es el uso de materiales de cambio de fase (PCM). La parafina ha sido muy usada como PCM debido a su alta capacidad de almacenamiento de calor (alrededor de 100-130 kJ·kg-1) y a su baja temperatura de fusión la cual es muy estable. Además, el consumo de energía y las oscilaciones de la temperatura internas se pueden reducir cuando un PCM se incorpora en envolventes de edificios. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es el desarrollo de nuevos materiales que contengan PCM basándose en el estudio del proceso para obtener la correcta introducción del PCM. Además, las propiedades termofísicas de estos nuevos materiales se debe conocer y por tanto caracterizar a nivel de laboratorio. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en los trabajos publicados en revistas científicas con alto factor de impacto indexados en el campo de Energía los cuales reflejan el trabajo realizado. Por otra parte, esta tesis contiene una revisión del estado del arte destacando los requisitos para un PCM y lista todos los tipos de PCM comercializados y utilizados en investigación. Por otra parte, un nuevo concepto de material compuesto que incorpora PCM ha sido desarrollado en esta tesis. Este compuesto tiene la matriz polimérica, e incluye un residuo del proceso de reciclaje de acero. De este modo se obtienen láminas densas moldeables. La fabricación de este material podría considerarse un método para la reutilización de este residuo. Por otra parte, este tipo de residuos contiene óxidos de metales pesados que aumentan las propiedades de aislante acústico de la lámina consiguiendo mejorar el resultado final de la solución constructiva. Además, el comportamiento termofísico de los materiales compuestos utilizados en edificios es difícil de caracterizar y el análisis térmico de los PCM es un paso necesario para el diseño de los mismos. Las dos primeras caracterizaciones termofísicas estudiadas en esta tesis se realizaron mediante calorimetría diferencial de barrido que es una de las técnicas más potentes disponibles actualmente. tres estudios más fueron realizaron con dispositivos desarrollados por diferentes grupos de investigación en España con el fin de medir las propiedades termofísicas de los materiales compuestos o materiales multicapa que incorporan PCM. ; Nowadays, energy demand to satisfy thermal comfort in buildings is one of the major challenges for governments and administrations. Therefore, energy storage system efficiency is being studied by the international scientific community. A feasible alternative is the use of phase change materials (PCM). Paraffin waxes have been used as PCM because of their high heat storage capacity (around 100-130 kJ·kg"1) and their low and stable melting temperature. Furthermore, the energy consumption and indoor oscillations temperature may be reduced when PCM is incorporated in building envelopes and the thermal inertia increment when PCM is combined with thermal insulation was widely studied. The main objective of this thesis is the development of new materials containing PCM based on the study of process to get the correct PCM introduction. In addition, thermophysical properties of these new materials must be characterized. In order to perform the characterization, it was used several developed devices. This PhD thesis is based on papers published in scientific journals with high impact factor in the Energy field and one patent that reflect the work performed. This thesis contains a review of the state of the art highlighting the requirements order to a certain PCM and lists and sorts all PCM available in the market and used in research. On the other hand, a new concept of composite material incorporating PCM is developed in this thesis. This composite has polymeric matrix and includes one waste from the steel recycling process obtaining mouldable dense sheets. The manufacture of this material is considered a way to reuse the waste. Furthermore, this waste contains heavy metals oxides which add acoustic insulation properties to the final constructive system. One patent and two papers are the main result. Moreover, thermophysical behaviour of composite materials used in buildings envelopes is difficult to characterize. In addition, PCM thermal analysis is a necessary step of building design as well as it will be a key point in the final thermal results of the envelope. The first two thermophysical characterizations studied in this thesis were performed using differential scanning calorimetry which is one of the most powerful techniques. Three more studies were performed using devices developed by different research groups in Spain in order to measure thermophysical properties of composite materials or multilayered materials incorporating PCM.

The main purpose of this study is to provide a comparative analysis on dock labour systems in two European ports, focusing in particular on the container global industry. The research aims at analysing the impact of the market players' strategies along the maritime-logistics chain on dock labour dynamics in the last years, stressing the role of the institutional, material and structural constraints. By comparing two distinct case studies, the study aims to answer the following research questions: 1. How is the search for economies of scale achieved by market players along the maritime-logistics chain shaping port labour systems, schemes and work organizations in the European ports? 2. To what extent do terminal operating companies respond to the constraints driven by market players, European policies and national regulations, in order to maximize the performance of dock labour in two distinct ports/container terminals? The observation of the entire logistics chain characterizes the peculiar approach of this study. This approach fosters an analysis not only of the dynamic and complex structure of the maritime supply chain, but also of the background tendencies occurring in the overall dimension in which ports are situated, and hence the variety of dock labour systems. The focus on the container handling and the labour that incorporates it underlines the triple nature of the maritime-logistics chain, given the function of the intermodal transport unit. Consequently, this study argues that an "intermodal gaze" is required to grasp the main trends concerning labour in the pivotal link of the maritime-logistics chain. The empirical findings gathered during the fieldworks in the ports of Genoa and Antwerp are presented and discussed. The empirical evidence shows how in the Belgian case shipping companies vertically integrated with global terminal operators, particularly in the container business, demand direct employment for a significant number of their own workers, whereas casual workers are increasingly deployed during periods of peak demand. This setting in principle does not differ from the Italian case. Besides the different business models, dock labour schemes and arrangements, port employers in both cases hire a large part of the dockworkers daily, via "informal agreements", on an almost continual basis. In addition, the changing dynamics caused by exogenous factors are provoking a higher deployment of casual workers in Genoa, whereas in Antwerp this trend could further increase in the future, with the new possibility given by the ongoing port reform (after the infringement procedure sent by the European Union to the Belgian government, concerning the port labour system). The strategic action of the main players along the maritime-logistics chain is modifying the working mechanisms of both port labour systems, altering the matching of labour supply and demand, opening up new decision-making prospects for transnational terminal operating companies. In this frame, dock labour policies to date have not been carried out, except for de-regulation processes, mainly driven at supranational level and then acquired at national level. In other words, the organizational models of labour in the ports selected seem to be undermined by the processes of globalization, cutthroat competition along the entire logistics chain, and Europeization of the port labour policies. The comparative analysis displays to what extent the de-structuring processes of the organizational patterns are crossing the ports / container terminals analysed, besides the constraints partially common among the cases and partially specific to each of them. Significant dynamics, notwithstanding the institutional path dependencies and the specific global production networks, occur similarly in both the ports observed. The homogeneous pressures, however, engage with the history at national and local level, the institutional structures and practices that dictate the differences among the cases. This in turn reveals a process in which, as this study hypothesizes, such differences are more and more converging towards a commonly variegated trajectory. Beyond the different dock labour scheme and work organization, a similar division – or fragmentation – between permanent and casual workforce has been observed. Moreover, the dock labour systems and schemes compared in this study are differently managed but commonly affected by exogenous and endogenous pressures along the maritime-logistics chain. Furthermore, by looking at the port performance indicators, it has been possible to compare the terminal productivity (linked to the costs) of one cargo handling company operating in both ports, besides the significant differences among the container terminals analyzed (e.g dimension, equipment, etc). Despite the limited data availability, this comparative analysis explores how terminal operating companies behave for maximizing labour productivity in light of the dock labour schemes and regulations in two distinct environments. In short, it turns out that terminal operating companies involved in container handling apply the tariff to their customers starting from the Cash Cost per Box as parameter. The Cash Cost per Box (CCPB) is the indicator that represents how much a container handling company spends only in terms of out-of-pocket costs for each volume unit handled. In this cost structure, labour composes the main value in both cases. Being labour cost the main value, the lower amount of CCPB in the Belgian case with respect to the Italian case is mainly – but not exclusively – due to a lower number of workforce employed to handle one container with respect to the Italian case. The amount of workforce per container handled, determined also by different social relations of production in the ports selected, is the key aspect to set a proper comparison between the ports/terminals, linking the productivity indicators to the cost structure. Furthermore, it has been assessed the difference of the wages in both ports (and the distribution in terms of occupational contexts), which are lower in the Italian case and higher in the Belgian case. These findings show that, in a certain sense, the occupational port labour system in the Italian case remunerates more people by distributing lower wages, whereas in the Belgian case it remunerates less people by distributing higher wages. However, the incidence of labour cost does not changes so much in both contexts, but tends to be similar, being the difference mainly a matter of labour quotas differently distributed (and socially produced). Paradoxically, the organization of port labour in Antwerp replicated in Genoa would require, in theory, as a preliminary condition, the exclusion of a certain amount of workforce currently employed in the port operations. The main difference therefore concerns the greater or lower socialization of costs. In turn, these settings have an impact on terminal productivity, the Gross Crane Rate, due to several factors (i.e. labour force composition, work organization at quayside, terminal layout, endogenous and exogenous factors, terminal facilities, capacity, economies of scale, gang system, motivation and structural constraints, etc.). Following the previous reasoning, the empirical findings show that in Genoa the social equilibrium is given by a lower productivity compared to the Belgian case, acknowledged by the port actors involved in order to keep higher workforce in the port operations. The port labour system in Genoa absorbs more work than in the port of Antwerp, but at the same time, the model is less efficient in terms of performances.

¿Se pueden crear el emprendedores a través de la educación? Los programas de educación para el emprendimiento comenzaron a crecer y a recibir atención de países de todo el mundo desde que se impartió por primera vez en Harvard en 1947. La razón se debió a la interconexión entre emprendimiento y desarrollo económico. La promoción del espíritu emprendedor se vuelve importante debido a la demanda del gobierno, estudiantes, PYMES y grandes empresas (Fayolle, 2007). La mejor herramienta encontrada hasta ahora para predecir el comportamiento es a través de la medición de la intención (Ajzen, 1991). En la literatura emprendedora, muchos estudios se han centrado en la Teoría del Comportamiento Planeado (TCP), que se relaciona con las intenciones empresariales. Varios autores, como Fayolle et al. (2006), han hecho llamamientos para usar esta teoría como un marco común para evaluar la educación emprendedora (EE). Sin embargo, sólo unos pocos estudios han examinado los componentes dentro de la EE que pueden responder a la pregunta "quién enseña (formador), qué (contenido del curso) y cómo (método de enseñanza)" como las variables moderadoras sobre la relación entre la EE y la intención empresarial. Por lo tanto, este estudio pretende llenar el vacío evaluando el efecto moderador de la educación emprendedora, a través de estas variables, hacia la intención y las habilidades de los estudiantes universitarios de pregrado en el contexto de Malasia. Esta investigación utilizará el marco de TCP para entender la conexión entre estos componentes de los programas de educación emprendedora y el impacto en la intención empresarial de los estudiantes. El estudio se realiza en UKM, Malasia. La población de investigación consiste en estudiantes de primer año en todas las disciplinas. Se trata de un curso obligatorio y es la primera vez que se introduce en Malasia. Este estudio utiliza un método cuantitativo longitudinal. Se llevó a cabo la recolección de datos en dos etapas, incluidas las recopilaciones de datos antes y después del curso. Se utilizó una encuesta en línea. El número de encuestados fue de 493 para el pre-curso y 149 para el post-curso. El resultado del estudio mostró que tanto el formador como la participación de un orador invitado moderan la relación entre actitud e intención. El efecto es de intensidad moderada, pero muestra el importante papel que pueden desempeñar estos dos elementos para influir en la intención empresarial entre los estudiantes. Para la comparación entre géneros, los resultados mostraron que los varones exhiben un mayor interés empresarial en el emprendimiento, en comparación con las alumnas. Sin embargo, en cuanto al número de estudiantes en las universidades públicas de Malasia, las alumnas son la mayoría. Los resultados también muestran que el grupo étnico que más se beneficia de la EE es el malayo. Tienen un mayor interés por el espíritu empresarial, a pesar de que este campo ha sido tradicionalmente dominado por los chinos desde el período colonial. Finalmente, como en muchos estudios previos, los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes de la Facultad de Economía y Administración se benefician más en términos de interés hacia el curso. Algunas recomendaciones para el futuro pueden derivarse de esta tesis doctoral. El gobierno debe comenzar a centrarse en las alumnas, ya que su participación en el mercado de trabajo (tasa de actividad) es baja en comparación con el número de mujeres en la población con las estudiantes que acceden a la universidad. Por lo tanto, esta tasa de actividad se espera que aumente en el futuro. Además, los profesores de estos cursos deben recibir una formación especial sobre cómo atraer el interés de los estudiantes, como señalan Soutaris et al. (2007). En cuanto a la estructura del curso, se debe alentar una combinación entre el formador y los empresarios invitados de éxito, para que la parte de inspiración pueda ser transmitida a los estudiantes. ; Can entrepreneurs be created through education? Entrepreneurship education programs started to growth and receive attention from countries all over the world since it was first taught in Harvard in 1947. The reason was due to the interconnection between entrepreneurship and economic development. Promotion of entrepreneurship becomes important due to demand by government, students, SMEs and large companies (Fayolle, 2007). The best tool found so far to predict behavior is through the measurement of intention (Ajzen, 1991). In the entrepreneurship literature, many studies have been focused on the Theory of Planned Behavior, which related to entrepreneurial intentions. Several authors, such as Fayolle et al. (2006), have made calls to use this theory as a common framework to evaluate entrepreneurship education (EE). However, only few studies have looked at the components inside the EE that may answer the question "who teaches (trainer), what (course content) and how (teaching method)" as the moderating variables on the relationship from EE to entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, this study aims to fill in the gap by evaluating the moderated effect of entrepreneurship education, through these variables, toward the intention and skills among the undergraduate university students in the context of Malaysia. This research will use TPB framework to understand the connection between these components of entrepreneurship education programs and the impact on the students' entrepreneurial intention. The study is conducted in UKM, Malaysia. The research population consists of first year students across all disciplines. The status of the course is compulsory and is the first time it is introduced in Malaysia. This study use a longitudinal quantitative method. Twostage data collection was carried-out, including pre- and post-course data collections. An online survey was used. The number of respondents was 493 for the pre-course and 149 for the post-course. The outcome of the study showed that both the trainer and the participation of an invited speaker moderate the relationship between attitude and intention. The effect is moderate in strength, but it showed the important role that can be played by these two elements to influence the entrepreneurial intention among student. For the comparison between genders, the results showed that males exhibit a higher entrepreneurial interest in entrepreneurship, when compared to the female students. However, regarding the number of students in public universities in Malaysia, females students are the majority. The results also show that the ethnic group benefitting the most from EE is the Malay. They have higher interest toward entrepreneurship, even though this field has traditionally been dominated by the Chinese since the colonial period. Finally, as in many previous studies, the results showed that students in the Faculty of Economic and Management benefit the most in term of interest toward the course. Some recommendations for the future may be derived from this dissertation. The government should start focusing on female students, since their participation in the labour market (activity rate) is low when compared to their number of females in the population and the students entering university. Thus, this activity rate is expected to rise in the future. Additionally, the lecturers of this course should be given special training on how to attract students' interest, as pointed out by Soutaris et al. (2007). Regarding the structure of the course, a combination including the lecturer and successful invited entrepreneurs should be encouraged, so the inspiration part can be conveyed to the students.

This dissertation analyzes the contributions of mobile supported teacher training, how these evolve and which factors take influence on this evolution. The first two chapters expose the close link between the evolution of education policies, teacher recruitment strategies and the need for a both realistic and qualitative teacher training. After a recall of the exceptional growth of mobile infrastructure sector, the use of distance and notably mobile supported teacher training is discussed. The research context shows that there is lack of research on the medium-term contributions of mobile supported teacher training and provides strong indicators that this issue is closely related to the overall short-term approach of pilot projects. Therefore, four studies (chapter 5 to 7) seek to analyze contributions through a both multidimensional and longitudinal perspective. The first study (Chapter 5), analyzes from an exploratory perspective the reported and observed contributions of the IFADEM training among former participants. It reveals amongst others that the sustaining contributions are mostly mobile phone supported and well embedded in the professional and private sphere of former individuals. These sustainable usages are driven by intrinsic motivation, and sustain because of a strong collective appropriation experience that acted as 'kick off' phase for new practices. Given the domination of mobile usages, the second study (chapter 6) focuses on mobile communications, one of the reported key contributions of the IFADEM training. It confirms the sustainability of phone communications despite the end of external organizational or financial stimuli, and shows also how phone these sustainable communications reflect the ongoing appropriation of mobile for work and private matters. This chapter allows further to identify those key factors that allow for this appropriation process to happen in the first place. Besides this identification of what can be called 'risk and success factors' for sustainable mobile teacher training contributions, it reveals also the importance of ongoing peer to peer communication among former participants. Subsequently, the third study (Chapter 7) analyzes structures and processes of these mobile supported connections. As indicated by respondents interviewed for the first study, the presence of a stable, collaborative teacher network could be confirmed. Its analysis allows qualifying the ties among former participants, which are both of instrumental and expressive nature. Multiple motivations to be part of this network contribute to its sustainability and autonomy over two years after the end of the training, strengthened by the presence of leaders who ensure internal and external information flow. Overall, it provides an additional perspective on the importance and outcomes of a collective appropriation process. Finally, the fourth study (Chapter 8) shifts perspectives, approaching the question of medium-term contributions and pertaining factors for sustainability through the lens of organizing stakeholders, i.e. those who fund, organize, design and evaluate mobile teacher training. This study indicates not only that actors perceive themselves as part of a system with considerable political pressure and demands that constraint significantly their activities, leading to a short term perspective on success factors.It reveals also that projects partners are considered simultaneously as goal and obstacle. Their descriptions indicate an often difficult and sometimes patronizing relationship, which occupy a central place in projects preoccupations'. Actors depict also pilot projects as organizational and political instrument. The collision of a normative discourse of high moral value with a technical and organization oriented discourse is one of the striking results of this study. ; Cette thèse se penche sur les contributions de la formation enseignante partiellement à distance et à l'aide du mobile, comment celles-ci évoluent et quels facteurs l'influencent. Les deux premiers chapitres discutent le contexte de recherche de cette thèse. Ils montrent le lien étroit entre l'évolution des politiques éducatives, les stratégies de recrutement des enseignants et la nécessité d'une formation à la fois réaliste et qualitative des enseignants. Après un rappel de la croissance exceptionnelle du secteur des infrastructures mobiles, la revue de littérature expose les résultats de recherches récentes de l'utilisation du mobile pour la formation des maitres à distance. Le contexte de la recherche montre qu'il y a un manque de recherche sur les contributions à moyen terme de la formation assistée par mobile et que cela est étroitement lié à l'approche 'court-termiste' des projets pilotes. C'est pour cela que quatre études (chapitres 5 à 7) cherchent à analyser les contributions dans une perspective à la fois multidimensionnelle et longitudinale. La première étude (chapitre 5) analyse d'un point de vue exploratoire les contributions rapportées et observées de la formation IFADEM chez les anciens participants. Il révèle entre autres que les contributions de soutien sont principalement reposent sur le mobile et sont intégrées dans la sphère professionnelle et privée. Ces usages durables sont motivés par une motivation intrinsèque et perdurent grâce à une forte expérience d'appropriation collective qui a servi de « coup d'envoi» aux nouvelles pratiques. Compte tenu de la domination des usages mobiles, la deuxième étude (chapitre 6) se concentre sur les communications mobiles. Elle confirme la pérennité des communications téléphoniques malgré la fin des stimuli organisationnels ou financiers externes, et montre également comment ces communications durables par téléphone reflètent l'appropriation permanente du mobile pour le travail et le privé. Ce chapitre permet en outre d'identifier les facteurs clés qui permettent ce processus d'appropriation en premier lieu. En plus de cette identification de ce que l'on peut appeler des « facteurs de risque et de réussite» pour des contributions mobiles de formation continue des enseignants, elle révèle également l'importance de la communication continue entre pairs parmi les anciens participants. Par la suite, la troisième étude (chapitre 7) analyse les structures et les processus de ces connexions mobiles prises en charge. Comme l'ont indiqué les répondants interrogés pour la première étude, la présence d'un réseau d'enseignants collaboratif stable pourrait être confirmée. Son analyse permet de qualifier les liens entre les anciens participants, qui sont à la fois de nature instrumentale et expressive. Les motivations multiples pour faire partie de ce réseau contribuent à sa durabilité et à son autonomie plus de deux ans après la fin de la formation, durabilité qui est renforcées par la présence de leaders qui assurent la circulation de l'information interne et externe. Globalement, il fournit une perspective supplémentaire sur l'importance et les résultats d'un processus d'appropriation collective. Enfin, la quatrième étude (chapitre 8) change de perspective, abordant la question des contributions à moyen terme et des facteurs pertinents pour la durabilité à travers l'organisation des parties prenantes, à savoir ceux qui financent, organisent, conçoivent et évaluent la formation mobile des enseignants. Cette étude indique non seulement que les acteurs se perçoivent comme faisant partie d'un système soumis à une pression politique considérable et exigent que leurs activités soient fortement limitées, ce qui conduit à une perspective à court terme sur les facteurs de succès.

This dissertation analyzes the contributions of mobile supported teacher training, how these evolve and which factors take influence on this evolution. The first two chapters expose the close link between the evolution of education policies, teacher recruitment strategies and the need for a both realistic and qualitative teacher training. After a recall of the exceptional growth of mobile infrastructure sector, the use of distance and notably mobile supported teacher training is discussed. The research context shows that there is lack of research on the medium-term contributions of mobile supported teacher training and provides strong indicators that this issue is closely related to the overall short-term approach of pilot projects. Therefore, four studies (chapter 5 to 7) seek to analyze contributions through a both multidimensional and longitudinal perspective. The first study (Chapter 5), analyzes from an exploratory perspective the reported and observed contributions of the IFADEM training among former participants. It reveals amongst others that the sustaining contributions are mostly mobile phone supported and well embedded in the professional and private sphere of former individuals. These sustainable usages are driven by intrinsic motivation, and sustain because of a strong collective appropriation experience that acted as 'kick off' phase for new practices. Given the domination of mobile usages, the second study (chapter 6) focuses on mobile communications, one of the reported key contributions of the IFADEM training. It confirms the sustainability of phone communications despite the end of external organizational or financial stimuli, and shows also how phone these sustainable communications reflect the ongoing appropriation of mobile for work and private matters. This chapter allows further to identify those key factors that allow for this appropriation process to happen in the first place. Besides this identification of what can be called 'risk and success factors' for sustainable mobile teacher training contributions, it reveals also the importance of ongoing peer to peer communication among former participants. Subsequently, the third study (Chapter 7) analyzes structures and processes of these mobile supported connections. As indicated by respondents interviewed for the first study, the presence of a stable, collaborative teacher network could be confirmed. Its analysis allows qualifying the ties among former participants, which are both of instrumental and expressive nature. Multiple motivations to be part of this network contribute to its sustainability and autonomy over two years after the end of the training, strengthened by the presence of leaders who ensure internal and external information flow. Overall, it provides an additional perspective on the importance and outcomes of a collective appropriation process. Finally, the fourth study (Chapter 8) shifts perspectives, approaching the question of medium-term contributions and pertaining factors for sustainability through the lens of organizing stakeholders, i.e. those who fund, organize, design and evaluate mobile teacher training. This study indicates not only that actors perceive themselves as part of a system with considerable political pressure and demands that constraint significantly their activities, leading to a short term perspective on success factors.It reveals also that projects partners are considered simultaneously as goal and obstacle. Their descriptions indicate an often difficult and sometimes patronizing relationship, which occupy a central place in projects preoccupations'. Actors depict also pilot projects as organizational and political instrument. The collision of a normative discourse of high moral value with a technical and organization oriented discourse is one of the striking results of this study. ; Cette thèse se penche sur les contributions de la formation enseignante partiellement à distance et à l'aide du mobile, comment celles-ci évoluent et quels facteurs l'influencent. Les deux premiers chapitres discutent le contexte de recherche de cette thèse. Ils montrent le lien étroit entre l'évolution des politiques éducatives, les stratégies de recrutement des enseignants et la nécessité d'une formation à la fois réaliste et qualitative des enseignants. Après un rappel de la croissance exceptionnelle du secteur des infrastructures mobiles, la revue de littérature expose les résultats de recherches récentes de l'utilisation du mobile pour la formation des maitres à distance. Le contexte de la recherche montre qu'il y a un manque de recherche sur les contributions à moyen terme de la formation assistée par mobile et que cela est étroitement lié à l'approche 'court-termiste' des projets pilotes. C'est pour cela que quatre études (chapitres 5 à 7) cherchent à analyser les contributions dans une perspective à la fois multidimensionnelle et longitudinale. La première étude (chapitre 5) analyse d'un point de vue exploratoire les contributions rapportées et observées de la formation IFADEM chez les anciens participants. Il révèle entre autres que les contributions de soutien sont principalement reposent sur le mobile et sont intégrées dans la sphère professionnelle et privée. Ces usages durables sont motivés par une motivation intrinsèque et perdurent grâce à une forte expérience d'appropriation collective qui a servi de « coup d'envoi» aux nouvelles pratiques. Compte tenu de la domination des usages mobiles, la deuxième étude (chapitre 6) se concentre sur les communications mobiles. Elle confirme la pérennité des communications téléphoniques malgré la fin des stimuli organisationnels ou financiers externes, et montre également comment ces communications durables par téléphone reflètent l'appropriation permanente du mobile pour le travail et le privé. Ce chapitre permet en outre d'identifier les facteurs clés qui permettent ce processus d'appropriation en premier lieu. En plus de cette identification de ce que l'on peut appeler des « facteurs de risque et de réussite» pour des contributions mobiles de formation continue des enseignants, elle révèle également l'importance de la communication continue entre pairs parmi les anciens participants. Par la suite, la troisième étude (chapitre 7) analyse les structures et les processus de ces connexions mobiles prises en charge. Comme l'ont indiqué les répondants interrogés pour la première étude, la présence d'un réseau d'enseignants collaboratif stable pourrait être confirmée. Son analyse permet de qualifier les liens entre les anciens participants, qui sont à la fois de nature instrumentale et expressive. Les motivations multiples pour faire partie de ce réseau contribuent à sa durabilité et à son autonomie plus de deux ans après la fin de la formation, durabilité qui est renforcées par la présence de leaders qui assurent la circulation de l'information interne et externe. Globalement, il fournit une perspective supplémentaire sur l'importance et les résultats d'un processus d'appropriation collective. Enfin, la quatrième étude (chapitre 8) change de perspective, abordant la question des contributions à moyen terme et des facteurs pertinents pour la durabilité à travers l'organisation des parties prenantes, à savoir ceux qui financent, organisent, conçoivent et évaluent la formation mobile des enseignants. Cette étude indique non seulement que les acteurs se perçoivent comme faisant partie d'un système soumis à une pression politique considérable et exigent que leurs activités soient fortement limitées, ce qui conduit à une perspective à court terme sur les facteurs de succès.

The object of research is the construction industry in Latvia. This branch of the national economy of Latvia has experienced significant downturns and ups in recent years. The study of the causes and consequences of these fluctuations is important for the country's economy. Among the significant shortcomings can be called a high level of shadow economy in construction, the use of poor-quality building materials, a shortage of labor at all levels of the industry, a long bureaucratic way in the preparation of documents.Improvement of the Latvian construction industry is possible with the involvement of foreign experience. On an example of the countries of Scandinavia one of the important stages of formation of qualitative and ecological construction is considered. In the Nordic countries, since 1989, a system of eco-labeling of buildings has been applied to buildings commissioned. These documents confirm the use of high-quality building materials, energy efficiency of the building, certification of the company and used materials. Documents on eco-labeling are necessary for residential buildings, private houses and all types of educational institutions and kindergartens. This means that only materials that have been rigorously selected for quality and chemical composition are used for construction.Using the experience of working with Scandinavian clients, the author has studied the experience of implementing the eco-labeling system of buildings, as well as collected the necessary information to study the research topic and determine the approaches to the Nordic experience in the construction industry in Latvia. The introduction of eco-labeling of buildings and passports into private homes, multi-storey residential buildings, schools, kindergartens and other educational institutions will lead to the use of better construction materials and also to an understanding of the responsibility of general construction contractors, construction companies, and suppliers of building materials. Also, the use of environmental building materials in residential and educational institutions will lead to better health of the population, in particular, to reducing allergies and diseases of the respiratory system.The introduction of eco-labels and passports for buildings should be introduced at the state level, and the requirements of the European Union for the use of environmental materials in construction should be adapted for Latvia. It is important to competently and systematically develop a model for the introduction of modern management approaches to the construction industry based on the experience of advanced countries. Toughening requirements for all stages of the construction process, using safe building materials, as well as strengthening labor protection requirements, will improve the quality of the entire construction industry as a whole. The introduction of eco-labeling systems will take time, but will lead to positive results. ; Объектом исследования является строительная отрасль Латвии. Данная отрасль народного хозяйства Латвии в последние годы переживает значительные падения и взлеты. Изучение причин и последствий данных колебаний является важным для экономики страны. Из существенных недостатков можно назвать высокий уровень теневой экономики в строительстве, использование некачественных строительных материалов, недостаток рабочей силы на всех уровнях отрасли, долгий бюрократический путь при оформлении документов и др.Совершенствование строительной отрасли Латвии возможно с привлечением зарубежного опыта. На примере стран Скандинавии рассмотрено один из важных этапов становления качественного и экологического строительства. В Северных странах, начиная с 1989 года применяют к сданным в эксплуатацию зданиям систему экомаркировки зданий. Данные документы подтверждают использование качественных строительных материалов, энергоэффективность здания, сертификацию компании и использованных материалов. Документы по экомаркировке необходимы для жилых зданий, частных домов и всех типов учебных учреждений и детских садов. Это означает, что для строительства применяются только материалы, которые прошли строгий отбор по качеству и химическому составу.Используя опыт работы со скандинавскими клиентами, автором был исследован опыт внедрения системы экомаркировки зданий, а также собрана необходимая информация для изучения темы исследования и определения подходов введения опыта Северных стран в строительную отрасль Латвии. Введение экомаркировки зданий и паспортов на частные дома, многоэтажные жилые дома, школы, детские сады и другие учебные заведения приведут к использованию более качественных строительных материалов. А также к пониманию ответственности и у генеральных подрядчиков строительства, и у строительных компаний, и у поставщиков строительных материалов. Также использование экологических строительных материалов в жилых и учебных заведениях приведут к улучшению здоровья населения, в частности к уменьшению аллергии и заболеваний дыхательной системы.Внедрение экомаркировки и паспортов на здания необходимо вводить на государственном уровне, а также нужно адаптировать для Латвии требования Европейского Союза по использованию экологических материалов в строительстве. Важно грамотно и систематически разработать модель внедрения современных подходов управления строительной отраслью на основе опыта передовых стран. Ужесточение требований ко всем этапам строительного процесса, использованию безопасных для здоровья строительных материалов, а также усиление требований к охране труда повысит качественный уровень всей строительной отрасли в целом. Введение системы экомаркировки зданий займет определенное время, но приведет к положительным результатам. ; Об'єктом дослідження є будівельна галузь Латвії. Дана галузь народного господарства Латвії в останні роки переживає значні падіння і злети. Вивчення причин та наслідків даних коливань є важливим для економіки країни. З істотних недоліків можна назвати високий рівень тіньової економіки в будівництві, використання неякісних будівельних матеріалів, брак робочої сили на всіх рівнях галузі, довгий бюрократичний шлях при оформленні документів та ін.Удосконалення будівельної галузі Латвії можливо із залученням закордонного досвіду. На прикладі країн Скандинавії розглянуто один з важливих етапів становлення якісного та екологічного будівництва. У Північних країнах, починаючи з 1989 року застосовують до зданих в експлуатацію будівель систему екомаркування будівель. Дані документи підтверджують використання якісних будівельних матеріалів, енергоефективність будівлі, сертифікацію компанії і використаних матеріалів. Документи по екомаркуванню необхідні для житлових будівель, приватних будинків і всіх типів навчальних закладів і дитячих садків. Це означає, що для будівництва застосовуються тільки матеріали, які пройшли суворий відбір за якістю і хімічним складом.Використовуючи досвід роботи зі скандинавськими клієнтами, автором було досліджено досвід впровадження системи екомаркування будівель, а також зібрана необхідна інформація для вивчення теми дослідження та визначення підходів введення досвіду Північних країн в будівельну галузь Латвії. Введення екомаркування будівель і паспортів на приватні будинки, багатоповерхові житлові будинки, школи, дитячі садки та інші навчальні заклади приведуть до використання більш якісних будівельних матеріалів. А також до розуміння відповідальності і у генеральних підрядників будівництва, і у будівельних компаній, і у постачальників будівельних матеріалів. Також використання екологічних будівельних матеріалів в житлових і навчальних закладах приведуть до поліпшення здоров'я населення, зокрема до зменшення алергії і захворювань дихальної системи.Впровадження екомаркування та паспортів на будівлі необхідно вводити на державному рівні, а також потрібно адаптувати для Латвії вимоги Європейського Союзу щодо використання екологічних матеріалів в будівництві. Важливо грамотно і систематично розробити модель впровадження сучасних підходів управління будівельною галуззю на основі досвіду передових країн. Жорсткість вимог до всіх етапів будівельного процесу, використання безпечних для здоров'я будівельних матеріалів, а також посилення вимог до охорони праці підвищить якісний рівень всієї будівельної галузі в цілому. Введення системи екомаркування будівель займе певний час, але призведе до позитивних результатів.

European economic, social and territorial cohesion is one of the fundamental aims of the European Union (EU). It seeks to both reduce the effects of internal borders and enhance European integration. In order to facilitate territorial cohesion, the linkage of member states by means of efficient cross-border transport infrastructures and services is an important factor. Many cross-border transport challenges have historically existed in everyday life. They have hampered smooth passenger and freight flows within the EU. Two EU policies, namely European Territorial Cooperation (ETC) and the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T), promote enhancing cross-border transport through cooperation in soft spaces. This dissertation seeks to explore the influence of these two EU policies on cross-border transport and further European integration. Based on an analysis of European, national and cross-border policy and planning documents, surveys with TEN-T Corridor Coordinators and INTERREG Secretariats and a high number of elite interviews, the dissertation will investigate how the objectives of the two EU policies were formally implemented in both soft spaces and the EU member states as well as which practical implementations have taken place. Thereby, the initiated Europeanisation and European integration processes will be evaluated. The analysis is conducted in nine preliminary case studies and two in-depth case studies. The cases comprise cross-border regions funded by the ETC policy that are crossed by a TEN-T corridor. The in-depth analysis explores the Greater Region Saar-Lor-Lux+ and the Brandenburg-Lubuskie region. The cases are characterised by different initial situations. The research determined that the two EU policies support cross-border transport on different levels and, further, that they need to be better intertwined in order to make effective use of their complementarities. Moreover, it became clear that the EU policies have a distinct influence on domestic policy and planning documents of different administrative levels and countries as well as on the practical implementation. The final implementation of the EU objectives and the cross-border transport initiatives was strongly influenced by the member states' initial situations – particularly, the regional and local transport needs. This dissertation concludes that the two EU policies cannot remove the entirety of the cross-border transport-related challenges. However, in addition to their financial investments in concrete projects, they promote the importance of cross-border transport and facilitate cooperation, learning and exchange processes. These are all of high relevance to cross-border transport development, driven by member states, as well as to further European integration. The dissertation recommends that the transport planning competences of the EU in addition to the TEN-T network should not be enlarged in the future, but rather further transnational transport development tasks should be decentralised to transnational transport planning committees that are aware of regional needs and can coordinate a joint transport development strategy. The latter should be implemented with the support of additional EU funds for secondary and tertiary cross-border connections. Moreover, the potential complementarities of the transnational regions and transport corridors as well as the two EU policy fields should be made better use of by improving communication. This means that soft spaces, the TEN-T and ETC Policy as well as the domestic transport ministries and the domestic administrations that are responsible for the two EU policies need to intensify their cooperation. Furthermore, a focus of future ETC projects on topics that are of added value for the whole cross-border region or else that can be applied in different territorial contexts is recommended rather than investing in small-scale scattered expensive infrastructures and services that are only of benefit for a small part of the region. Additionally, the dissemination of project results should be enhanced so that the developed tools can be accessed by potential users and benefits become more visible to a wider society, despite the fact that they might not be measurable in numbers. In addition, the research points at another success factor for more concrete outputs: the frequent involvement of transport and spatial planners in transnational projects could increase the relation to planning practice. Besides that, advanced training regarding planning culture could reduce cooperation barriers. ; Eines der grundlegenden Ziele der Europäischen Union (EU) ist der wirtschaftliche, soziale und territoriale Zusammenhalt. Zu diesem Zweck sollen sowohl die innereuropäischen Grenzbarrieren abgebaut als auch die europäische Integration gestärkt werden. Wichtige Faktoren für den territorialen Zusammenhalt der Mitgliedsstaaten sind effiziente grenzüberschreitende Verkehrsinfrastrukturen und öffentliche Verkehrsdienstleistungen. Bis heute erschweren jedoch diverse Hindernisse tagtäglich den reibungslosen grenzüberschreitenden Personen- und Güterverkehr innerhalb der EU. Zwei EU-Politiken, die Europäische Territoriale Zusammenarbeit (ETZ) und die Trans-Europäischen Verkehrsnetze (TEN-V), sollen dem Ausbau des grenzüberschreitenden Verkehrs durch die Zusammenarbeit in sogenannten 'Soft Spaces' dienen. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, den Einfluss dieser beiden EU-Politiken auf den grenzüberschreitenden Verkehr und die weitere europäische Integration zu untersuchen. Basierend auf einer Analyse von europäischen, nationalen und grenzüberschreitenden Politik- und Planungsdokumenten, Umfragen unter TEN-V Korridor Koordinatoren und INTERREG Sekretariaten und einer hohen Anzahl von Experteninterviews untersucht und evaluiert die Dissertation, wie die Ziele der EU-Politiken sowohl formell als auch praktisch in 'Soft Spaces' und EU-Mitgliedsstaaten umgesetzt wurden. Auf diese Weise werden die potenziell initiierten Europäisierungs- und europäische Integrationsprozesse bewertet. Im Rahmen der Analyse werden neun Vorstudien und zwei tiefergehenden Fallstudien vorgenommen. Bei den Fallbeispielen handelt es sich um durch unterschiedliche Ausgangslagen geprägte Grenzregionen, die von der ETZ-Politik gefördert und von einem TEN-V Korridor durchquert werden. Dabei werden die Großregion Saar-Lor-Lux+ und die Grenzregion Brandenburg-Lubuskie im Detail untersucht. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass die beiden EU-Politiken grenzüberschreitenden Verkehr auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen unterstützen. Sie macht darüber hinaus klar, dass die beiden Politiken mehr miteinander verzahnt werden müssen, um sich wechselseitig optimaler ergänzen zu können. Weiterhin wird deutlich, dass die EU-Politiken die politischen und planerischen Dokumente der verschiedenen nationalen administrativen Ebenen sowie deren Umsetzung in die Praxis in differenzierter Art und Weise beeinflussen. Die schlussendliche Umsetzung der EU-Politikziele und der grenzüberschreitenden Verkehrsinitiativen wird stark durch die unterschiedlichen Ausgangslagen in den Mitgliedsstaaten – insbesondere die regionalen und lokalen Verkehrsbedürfnisse – geprägt. Die vorliegende Dissertation zieht die Schlussfolgerung, dass die beiden EU-Politiken nicht alle Herausforderungen des grenzüberschreitenden Verkehrs meistern können. Es zeigt sich jedoch, dass die EU-Politiken die Bedeutung des grenzüberschreitenden Verkehrs hervorheben und neben der finanziellen Unterstützung von konkreten Projekten die Zusammenarbeit sowie Lern- und Austauschprozesse zwischen den EU-Mitgliedsstaaten fördern. Diese Aspekte sind von hoher Relevanz für die von den Mitgliedsstaaten gesteuerte eigenverantwortliche grenzüberschreitende Verkehrsentwicklung sowie für die weitere europäische Integration. Die Dissertation empfiehlt, die Verkehrsplanungskompetenzen der EU, zusätzlich zu den bereits bestehenden Kompetenzen im TEN-V Netz, in Zukunft nicht weiter auszubauen. Stattdessen sollte eine weitere transnationale Verkehrsentwicklungsplanung dezentralisiert in transnationalen Verkehrsplanungskomitees, welche die regionalen und lokalen Verkehrsbedürfnisse besser kennen und gemeinsame Verkehrsentwicklungsstrategien leichter steuern können, organisiert werden. Die Umsetzung dieser Strategien würde von zusätzlichen EU-Fördermitteln für sekundäre und tertiäre grenzüberschreitende Verbindungen profitieren. Zusätzlich müssen die potenziellen Komplementaritäten der transnationalen Kooperationsräume und Verkehrskorridore sowie der zwei EU-Politikfelder durch eine verbesserte Kommunikation stärker genutzt werden. Das heißt, dass sowohl die 'Soft Spaces' als auch die TEN-V und ETZ-Politik sowie die Verkehrsministerien der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten und die nationalen Verwaltungen, die für die Umsetzung der beiden EU-Politiken zuständig sind, ihre Zusammenarbeit intensivieren müssen. Außerdem wird empfohlen, dass sich zukünftige ETZ-Projekte, anstatt in kleinräumig verstreute, teure Infrastrukturen oder öffentliche Verkehrsprojekte zu investieren, welche lediglich einen Mehrwert für einen kleinen Teilraum aufweisen, auf Themen konzentrieren, die entweder für die gesamte Grenzregion von Nutzen sind oder die in unterschiedlichen räumlichen Kontexten angewendet werden können. Die in diesem Zusammenhang erarbeiteten 'Tools' und Ergebnisse sollen - auch wenn sie nicht unmittelbar in Zahlen messbar sind – durch verbesserte Öffentlichkeitsarbeit innerhalb der EU und deren Mitgliedsstaaten sichtbar gemacht und anderen potenziellen Nutzern zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Schließlich zeigt die vorliegende Untersuchung einen weiteren Erfolgsfaktor für konkretere Gewinne auf: Verkehrs- und Raumplaner sollten häufiger in transnationale Projekte eingebunden werden, um den Bezug der Projekte zur Planungspraxis zu erhöhen. Außerdem könnten Barrieren der Zusammenarbeit durch Weiterbildungen im Bereich Planungskultur abgebaut werden.

The object of research is the construction industry in Latvia. This branch of the national economy of Latvia has experienced significant downturns and ups in recent years. The study of the causes and consequences of these fluctuations is important for the country's economy. Among the significant shortcomings can be called a high level of shadow economy in construction, the use of poor-quality building materials, a shortage of labor at all levels of the industry, a long bureaucratic way in the preparation of documents.Improvement of the Latvian construction industry is possible with the involvement of foreign experience. On an example of the countries of Scandinavia one of the important stages of formation of qualitative and ecological construction is considered. In the Nordic countries, since 1989, a system of eco-labeling of buildings has been applied to buildings commissioned. These documents confirm the use of high-quality building materials, energy efficiency of the building, certification of the company and used materials. Documents on eco-labeling are necessary for residential buildings, private houses and all types of educational institutions and kindergartens. This means that only materials that have been rigorously selected for quality and chemical composition are used for construction.Using the experience of working with Scandinavian clients, the author has studied the experience of implementing the eco-labeling system of buildings, as well as collected the necessary information to study the research topic and determine the approaches to the Nordic experience in the construction industry in Latvia. The introduction of eco-labeling of buildings and passports into private homes, multi-storey residential buildings, schools, kindergartens and other educational institutions will lead to the use of better construction materials and also to an understanding of the responsibility of general construction contractors, construction companies, and suppliers of building materials. Also, the use of environmental building materials in residential and educational institutions will lead to better health of the population, in particular, to reducing allergies and diseases of the respiratory system.The introduction of eco-labels and passports for buildings should be introduced at the state level, and the requirements of the European Union for the use of environmental materials in construction should be adapted for Latvia. It is important to competently and systematically develop a model for the introduction of modern management approaches to the construction industry based on the experience of advanced countries. Toughening requirements for all stages of the construction process, using safe building materials, as well as strengthening labor protection requirements, will improve the quality of the entire construction industry as a whole. The introduction of eco-labeling systems will take time, but will lead to positive results. ; Объектом исследования является строительная отрасль Латвии. Данная отрасль народного хозяйства Латвии в последние годы переживает значительные падения и взлеты. Изучение причин и последствий данных колебаний является важным для экономики страны. Из существенных недостатков можно назвать высокий уровень теневой экономики в строительстве, использование некачественных строительных материалов, недостаток рабочей силы на всех уровнях отрасли, долгий бюрократический путь при оформлении документов и др.Совершенствование строительной отрасли Латвии возможно с привлечением зарубежного опыта. На примере стран Скандинавии рассмотрено один из важных этапов становления качественного и экологического строительства. В Северных странах, начиная с 1989 года применяют к сданным в эксплуатацию зданиям систему экомаркировки зданий. Данные документы подтверждают использование качественных строительных материалов, энергоэффективность здания, сертификацию компании и использованных материалов. Документы по экомаркировке необходимы для жилых зданий, частных домов и всех типов учебных учреждений и детских садов. Это означает, что для строительства применяются только материалы, которые прошли строгий отбор по качеству и химическому составу.Используя опыт работы со скандинавскими клиентами, автором был исследован опыт внедрения системы экомаркировки зданий, а также собрана необходимая информация для изучения темы исследования и определения подходов введения опыта Северных стран в строительную отрасль Латвии. Введение экомаркировки зданий и паспортов на частные дома, многоэтажные жилые дома, школы, детские сады и другие учебные заведения приведут к использованию более качественных строительных материалов. А также к пониманию ответственности и у генеральных подрядчиков строительства, и у строительных компаний, и у поставщиков строительных материалов. Также использование экологических строительных материалов в жилых и учебных заведениях приведут к улучшению здоровья населения, в частности к уменьшению аллергии и заболеваний дыхательной системы.Внедрение экомаркировки и паспортов на здания необходимо вводить на государственном уровне, а также нужно адаптировать для Латвии требования Европейского Союза по использованию экологических материалов в строительстве. Важно грамотно и систематически разработать модель внедрения современных подходов управления строительной отраслью на основе опыта передовых стран. Ужесточение требований ко всем этапам строительного процесса, использованию безопасных для здоровья строительных материалов, а также усиление требований к охране труда повысит качественный уровень всей строительной отрасли в целом. Введение системы экомаркировки зданий займет определенное время, но приведет к положительным результатам. ; Об'єктом дослідження є будівельна галузь Латвії. Дана галузь народного господарства Латвії в останні роки переживає значні падіння і злети. Вивчення причин та наслідків даних коливань є важливим для економіки країни. З істотних недоліків можна назвати високий рівень тіньової економіки в будівництві, використання неякісних будівельних матеріалів, брак робочої сили на всіх рівнях галузі, довгий бюрократичний шлях при оформленні документів та ін.Удосконалення будівельної галузі Латвії можливо із залученням закордонного досвіду. На прикладі країн Скандинавії розглянуто один з важливих етапів становлення якісного та екологічного будівництва. У Північних країнах, починаючи з 1989 року застосовують до зданих в експлуатацію будівель систему екомаркування будівель. Дані документи підтверджують використання якісних будівельних матеріалів, енергоефективність будівлі, сертифікацію компанії і використаних матеріалів. Документи по екомаркуванню необхідні для житлових будівель, приватних будинків і всіх типів навчальних закладів і дитячих садків. Це означає, що для будівництва застосовуються тільки матеріали, які пройшли суворий відбір за якістю і хімічним складом.Використовуючи досвід роботи зі скандинавськими клієнтами, автором було досліджено досвід впровадження системи екомаркування будівель, а також зібрана необхідна інформація для вивчення теми дослідження та визначення підходів введення досвіду Північних країн в будівельну галузь Латвії. Введення екомаркування будівель і паспортів на приватні будинки, багатоповерхові житлові будинки, школи, дитячі садки та інші навчальні заклади приведуть до використання більш якісних будівельних матеріалів. А також до розуміння відповідальності і у генеральних підрядників будівництва, і у будівельних компаній, і у постачальників будівельних матеріалів. Також використання екологічних будівельних матеріалів в житлових і навчальних закладах приведуть до поліпшення здоров'я населення, зокрема до зменшення алергії і захворювань дихальної системи.Впровадження екомаркування та паспортів на будівлі необхідно вводити на державному рівні, а також потрібно адаптувати для Латвії вимоги Європейського Союзу щодо використання екологічних матеріалів в будівництві. Важливо грамотно і систематично розробити модель впровадження сучасних підходів управління будівельною галуззю на основі досвіду передових країн. Жорсткість вимог до всіх етапів будівельного процесу, використання безпечних для здоров'я будівельних матеріалів, а також посилення вимог до охорони праці підвищить якісний рівень всієї будівельної галузі в цілому. Введення системи екомаркування будівель займе певний час, але призведе до позитивних результатів.

A Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a short-range network that consists of a coordinator (Crd) and a collection of low-power sensors that can be implanted in or attached to the human body. Basically, WBANs can provide real-time patient monitoring and serve in various applications such as ubiquitous health-care, consumer electronics, military, sports, etc. [1]. As the license-free 2.4 GHz ISM band is widely used among WBANs and across other wireless technologies, the fundamental problem is to mitigate the resulting co-channel interference. Other serious problems are to extend the network lifetime and to ensure reliable transmission within WBANs, which is an urgent requirement for health-care applications. Therefore, in this thesis, we conduct a systematic research on a few number of research problems related to radio co-channel interference, energy consumption, and network reliability. Specifically, we address the following problems ranging from theoretical modeling and analysis to practical protocol design: • Intra-WBAN interference mitigation and avoidance • Cooperative inter-WBAN interference mitigation and avoidance • Non-cooperative inter-WBAN interference mitigation and avoidance • Interference mitigation and avoidance in WBANs with IoT Firstly, to mitigate the intra-WBAN interference, we present two mechanisms for a WBAN. The first is called CSMA to Flexible TDMA combination for Interference Mitigation, namely, CFTIM, which dynamically allocates time-slots and stable channels to lower the intra-WBAN interference. The second is called Interference Avoidance Algorithm, namely IAA that dynamically adjusts the superframe length and limits the number of channels to 2 to lower the intra-WBAN interference and save energy. Theoretically, we derive a probabilistic model that proves the SINR outage probability is lowered. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and the efficiency of CFTIM and IAA in terms of lowering the probability of interference, extending network lifetime, improving throughput and reliability. Secondly, we address the problem of interference among cooperative WBANs through using orthogonal codes. Motivated by distributed time provisioning supported in IEEE 802.15.6 standard [2], we propose two schemes. The first is called Distributed Time Correlation Reference, namely, DTRC that provides each WBAN with the knowledge about which superframes overlap with each other. The second is called Orthogonal Code Allocation Algorithm for Interference Mitigation, namely, OCAIM, that allocates orthogonal codes to interfering sensors belonging to sensor interference lists (SILs), which are generated based on the exchange of power-based information among WBANs. Mathematically, we derive the successful and collision probabilities of frames transmissions. Extensive simulations are conducted and the results demonstrate that OCAIM can diminish the interference, improve the throughput and save the power resource. Thirdly, we address the problem of co-channel interference among non-cooperative WBANs through time-slot and channel hopping. Specifically, we propose two schemes that are based on Latin rectangles. The first is called Distributed Algorithm for Interference mitigation using Latin rectangles, namely, DAIL that allocates a single channel to a timeslot combination to each sensor to diminish inter-WBAN interference and to yield better schedules of the medium access within each WBAN. The second is called Channel Hopping for Interference Mitigation, namely, CHIM, which generates a predictable interference free transmission schedule for all sensors within a WBAN. CHIM applies the channel switching only when a sensor experiences interference to save the power resource. Furthermore, we present an analytical model that derives bounds on collision probability and throughput for sensors transmissions. (.) ; L'amélioration de la qualité et de l'efficacité en santé est un réel enjeu sociétal. Elle implique la surveillance continue des paramètres vitaux ou de l'état mental du sujet. Les champs d'applications sont vastes : l'application la plus importante est la surveillance des patients à distance. Les avancées en micro-électronique, capteurs et réseaux sans-fil permettent aujourd'hui le développement de systèmes ambulatoires performants pour le monitoring de paramètres physiologiques, capables de prendre en compte d'importantes contraintes techniques : forte intégration pour la réduction de la taille et faible consommation pour une plus grande autonomie [1]. Cependant, la conception de ce type de réseaux de capteurs médicaux WBANs (Wireles Body Area Networks) se heurte à un certain nombre de difficultés techniques, provenant des contraintes imposées par les capacités réduites des capteurs individuels : basse puissance, énergie limitée et faible capacité de stockage. Ces difficultés requièrent des solutions différentes, encore très embryonnaires, selon l'application visée (monitoring à but médical). La forte mobilité et le changement rapide de la topologie du réseau dévoilent un verrou scientifique et social. En outre, l'interférence de différents capteurs constituant le WBAN augmente la difficulté de la mise en place de ce type de réseaux. De nombreuses solutions dans la littérature ont été étudiées, comme nous allons illustrer dans ce manuscrit, néanmoins elles restent limitées. Nous nous intéresserons tout particulièrement à la gestion des interférences Intra- et Inter-WBAN, leur impacte sur la fiabilité des transmissions (des liens) et la durée de vie de ce type de réseaux. Plus précisément, nous abordons ces problématiques en se basant sur des modélisations théoriques et analytiques et avec une conception pratique des solutions proposées. Afin d'atteindre les objectifs cités ci-dessous, nous abordons quatre solutions : • Une gestion des interférences intra-WBAN • Une gestion coopérative des interférences Inter-WBAN • Une gestion non coopérative des interférences, Inter-WBAN • Une gestion des interférences WBAN dans un contexte IoT Dans la première partie de cette thèse et afin de répondre en partie aux problèmes de gestion des interférences Intra-WBAN. Nous présentons deux mécanismes pour le WBAN : (a) CFTIM qui alloue dynamiquement des slots et des canaux dit- stables (avec un taux d'interférences le bas possible dans le temps) pour réduire les interférences intra-WBAN. (b) IAA ajuste dynamiquement la taille du superframe et limite le nombre de canaux à 2 pour abaisser les interférences Intra-WBAN et ainsi économiser l'énergie. Une validation avec un model probabiliste est proposé afin de valider théoriquement l'efficacité de notre solution. Les résultats de la simulation démontrent l'efficacité du CFTIM et de l'IAA en termes de réduction de la probabilité d'interférence, l'extension de la durée de vie du réseau et l'amélioration du débit et de la fiabilité des transmissions. Notre seconde contribution, propose une gestion coopératives des interférences Inter-WBAN en utilisant des codes orthogonaux. Motivé par un approvisionnement temporel distribué basé sur la norme [2] IEEE 802.15.6, nous proposons deux solutions. (a) DTRC qui fournit à chaque WBAN les connaissances sur les superframes qui se chevauchent. Le second, (b) OCAIM qui attribue des codes orthogonaux aux capteurs appartenant à deux listes de groupe de capteur en interférences de deux WBAN différents (SIL). Les résultats démontrent qu'OCAIM diminue les interférences, améliore le débit et préserve la ressources énergétiques. La troisième partie nous a permis d'aborder la gestion des interférences, mais cette fois ci d'une manière non-coopérative en se basant sur l'affectation couple Slot/Canal. Plus précisément, nous proposons deux schémas basés sur les carrés latins. (.)

ABSTRACT Objective: to know experiences of non-voluntary hospitalization of drug users and their relatives. Method: ethnographic study. The sample comprised 20 relatives of the collaborating patients and eight people with problems related to the use of drugs for more than ten years, with or without diagnosis for chemical dependence and who had experience of involuntary or compulsory hospitalization. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed. The data were tabulated using the software of analysis of texts, videos, audios and Web images Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA), then analyzed through the technique of Content analysis. Results: three categories were identified: 1. Suffering, social and governmental helplessness; 2. Inpatient experiences and violation of rights; 3. Difficulties and possibilities after hospitalization. Conclusion: non-voluntary hospitalization calls into question the autonomy and rights of drug users; the relatives in front of him seek hospitalization as a way to save the life of the drug user. Research in the area is needed to assess the impact of this issue on the lives of the people, institutions and public policies involved. Descriptors: Commitment; Drug Users; Drug Abuse. RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer experiências de internação não voluntária de usuários de drogas e seus familiares. Método: estudo etnográfico. Compuseram a amostra 20 familiares dos pacientes colaboradores e oito pessoas com problemas relacionados ao uso de drogas há mais de dez anos, com ou sem diagnóstico para a dependência química e que tivessem tido experiência de internação involuntária ou compulsória. As entrevistas foram gravadas e posteriormente transcritas. Os dados foram tabulados com o uso do software de análise de textos, vídeos, áudios e imagens Web Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA) e, em seguida, analisados por meio da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: foram identificadas três categorias: 1. Sofrimento, desamparo social e governamental; 2. Experiências de internação e violação de direitos; 3. Dificuldades e possibilidades após a internação. Conclusão: a internação não voluntária põe em questão a autonomia e os direitos do usuário de drogas; os familiares buscam a internação como um meio de 'salvar a vida' do usuário de drogas. São necessárias pesquisas na área para avaliar o impacto dessa questão na vida das pessoas, instituições e políticas públicas envolvidas. Descritores: Internação; Usuários de Drogas; Abuso de Drogas. RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer experiencias de internación no voluntaria de usuarios de drogas y sus familias. Método: estudio etnográfico. Compusieron para la investigación, 20 familiares de los pacientes colaboradores y ocho personas con problemas relacionados con el uso de drogas por más de diez años, con o sin diagnóstico de dependencia de sustancias químicas y que habían tenido experiencia de la hospitalización involuntaria u obligatorias. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas y transcritas más tarde. Los datos se tabularon utilizando el software de análisis de texto, videos, audios e imágenes Web análisis de datos cualitativos (WebQDA) y, a continuación, analizaron mediante la técnica de Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: se identificaron tres categorías: 1. dolor, desamparo social y gubernamental; 2. experiencias de persecución y violación de derechos; 3. dificultades y posibilidades después de la hospitalización. Conclusión: hospitalización voluntaria no pone en entredicho la autonomía y los derechos del usuario de drogas; los familiares antes de la admisión de búsqueda como una forma de salvar la vida del usuario de drogas. Se necesitan investigaciones para evaluar el impacto de esta cuestión en la vida de las personas, instituciones y políticas públicas involucradas. Descriptores: Hospitalización; Consumidores de Droga; Drogadicción. ; RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer experiências de internação não voluntária de usuários de drogas e seus familiares. Método: estudo etnográfico. Compuseram a amostra 20 familiares dos pacientes colaboradores e oito pessoas com problemas relacionados ao uso de drogas há mais de dez anos, com ou sem diagnóstico para a dependência química e que tivessem tido experiência de internação involuntária ou compulsória. As entrevistas foram gravadas e posteriormente transcritas. Os dados foram tabulados com o uso do software de análise de textos, vídeos, áudios e imagens Web Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA) e, em seguida, analisados por meio da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: foram identificadas três categorias: 1. Sofrimento, desamparo social e governamental; 2. Experiências de internação e violação de direitos; 3. Dificuldades e possibilidades após a internação. Conclusão: a internação não voluntária põe em questão a autonomia e os direitos do usuário de drogas; os familiares buscam a internação como um meio de 'salvar a vida' do usuário de drogas. São necessárias pesquisas na área para avaliar o impacto dessa questão na vida das pessoas, instituições e políticas públicas envolvidas. Descritores: Internação; Usuários de Drogas; Abuso de Drogas. ABSTRACT Objective: to know experiences of non-voluntary hospitalization of drug users and their relatives. Method: ethnographic study. The sample comprised 20 relatives of the collaborating patients and eight people with problems related to the use of drugs for more than ten years, with or without diagnosis for chemical dependence and who had experience of involuntary or compulsory hospitalization. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed. The data were tabulated using the software of analysis of texts, videos, audios and Web images Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA), then analyzed through the technique of Content analysis. Results: three categories were identified: 1. Suffering, social and governmental helplessness; 2. Inpatient experiences and violation of rights; 3. Difficulties and possibilities after hospitalization. Conclusion: non-voluntary hospitalization calls into question the autonomy and rights of drug users; the relatives in front of him seek hospitalization as a way to save the life of the drug user. Research in the area is needed to assess the impact of this issue on the lives of the people, institutions and public policies involved. Descriptors: Commitment; Drug Users; Drug Abuse. RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer experiencias de internación no voluntaria de usuarios de drogas y sus familias. Método: estudio etnográfico. Compusieron para la investigación, 20 familiares de los pacientes colaboradores y ocho personas con problemas relacionados con el uso de drogas por más de diez años, con o sin diagnóstico de dependencia de sustancias químicas y que habían tenido experiencia de la hospitalización involuntaria u obligatorias. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas y transcritas más tarde. Los datos se tabularon utilizando el software de análisis de texto, videos, audios e imágenes Web análisis de datos cualitativos (WebQDA) y, a continuación, analizaron mediante la técnica de Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: se identificaron tres categorías: 1. dolor, desamparo social y gubernamental; 2. experiencias de persecución y violación de derechos; 3. dificultades y posibilidades después de la hospitalización. Conclusión: hospitalización voluntaria no pone en entredicho la autonomía y los derechos del usuario de drogas; los familiares antes de la admisión de búsqueda como una forma de salvar la vida del usuario de drogas. Se necesitan investigaciones para evaluar el impacto de esta cuestión en la vida de las personas, instituciones y políticas públicas involucradas. Descriptores: Hospitalización; Consumidores de Droga; Drogadicción.

The object of this research is the Zaberezinskis family among the political elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the association of the family's history (its genealogy, economic, political, foundational activity) with the rest of the environment of the GDL rulers of the Jagiellonian Dynasty. The general backdrop of the political life of the GDL makes it possible to see and evaluate the weight of the Zaberezininkis family among the country's ruling elite. From the late 15th to the middle of the 16th century, the aristocratic authority with its ages-old roots acquired institutional form. Foreseeing the possibility of rulers residing outside the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (as during Kazimierz Jagiellonian's rule), Alexander Jagiellonian's privilege of 6 August 1492 authorized broader prerogatives for the Council of Lords. At the same time, on the eve of the proclamation of the Grand Duke, the summoned parliament initiated the tradition of representation of the nobility. Institutional changes were accompanied by the reception of humanistic ideas, legal culture and political theory, linked to the custom, increasing at the time, of nobility sending their offspring to universities to pursue higher education. The story of the Zaberezinskis family, descendants of Rimvydas, is presented In the context of the formation of the GDL Republic (Respublica Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae), a political nation of descendants of the Romans (as the Lithuanian nobility portrayed themselves). The earliest data on the kin are associated with the times of Sigismund Kęstutaitis, and the latest with those of Sigismund Augustus. Members of the family played a particularly significant role in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the times of Kazimierz Jagiellonian and his two sons Alexander and Sigismund the Old, from the 1480s until 1544. Responding to the postulates of the modern science of genealogy, the story of the family is presented according to its different branches. Against the background of key events in Lithuanian history, beginning from Jurgis Rimvydaitis and Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinskis, the careers of the latter's children and their descendants, their interrelationships, and factors influencing their careers are analysed. Due to the different status of different members of the family and the different amounts of data available in the sources, the questionnaire applied to different members of the family differs. Jonas Jurgaitis and his son Jonas Jonaitis Zaberezinskis, who reached the highest posts, are the most significant, and the most extensive treatment is given to their biographies. The composition of the landholding and the development of the network of towns are discussed in a separate part of the study. The available data (including property holdings) do not directly confirm a family relationship between the Zaberezinskis and the Manvydas families. No sources have been found in which the Zaberezinskis in any way mention Manvydas or his brother, or a family relationship with them. In the view of the author of this work, the success of Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinsky's career can be attributed to his holding the strategic post of Vicar of Polotsk at a key moment, the favour of Lithuanian Grand Duke Alexander and strong personal abilities. In consequence, Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinsky proved one of the most prominent personalities on the Council of Lords, achieving the particularly high offices of Voivode of Trakai and Grand Marshall, and personally taking part in the most important events in the interstate relations of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. For a variety of reasons (often due to early death), the only descendent of Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinskis who achieved a significant political career was his son Jonas Jonaitis Zaberezinskis (~1473-1538), who ultimately, like his father, assumed the posts of Voivode of Trakai and Grand Marshall of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. His relations with the other most influential high-ranking noblemen of the period are considered, especially the meaning of marriages contracted by him and arranged by him for his descendants and relatives. The gathered data regarding the formation and distribution of the family's latifundium show that the most important stage in the formation of the estate was the time of Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinskis, although later the family also acquired significant properties through marriage and purchases. A major step in this process was the marriage of Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinskis to the daughter, Ona, of Jonas Nasuta, who held large properties in Palenkė (Podlasie). Other ways land was acquired were purchases and gifts of the rulers (Casimir and Alexander). One such event that stands out is Alexander's gift in 1506 of the regions of Alytus and Simnas. Many of the surviving papers written by Jonas Jonaitis Zaberezinskis in the final period of his life, when he resided in Alytus as Keeper of the City and the Region, testify to intense internal colonization of the area of Alytus and Simnas by the Nemunas River. Alytus and Simnas also include the most noteworthy church foundations made by Jonas Jonaitis Zaberezinskis and his family, a clear witness to the founders' piety. As he gave the decisive impulse for Alytus and Simnas to become city-like settlements, he can properly be considered the founder of those cities. The political self-awareness of the Lithuanian aristocracy is best captured by the term from that period "the Republic of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania" (Respublica Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae), as D. Kuolis has accurately observed. The theory of the Roman origins of the Lithuanian nobility, with all its consequences (such as e.g. the rule of law), can be considered the highest peak of the political culture of the ruling elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1525 (well before the Union of Lublin, which is often associated with Lithuanian republican traditions) Albertas Goštautas's memorial to the Grand Duchess Bona associated the notion of nobility with loyalty to the ruler and responsibility for the commonwealth (the republic). Although it can be said that certain Republican ideals drawn from antiquity thrived among the Lithuanian aristocracy, their dominant trait was conservatism (unwillingness to admit lesser nobility to the structures of power). The high-rank nobility clearly recognized the ruler as the head of the political body of the Grand Duchy, and sought for him a crown. The programme for a Kingdom of Lithuania should be linked to the need, fostered by aristocracy, for the GDL to have its own distinct identity, though having a separate ruler was important also for practical reasons: the unquestioned centralized government accelerated the defence mechanisms of the state. A contemporary observer testifies that, when the ruler was absent, the Lithuanian lords "did not know what to do, remained undecided and did nothing." The ruling elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, both in their actions and in what they wrote (in the Lithuanian chronicles and elsewhere), unequivocally showed that no agreements with the Polish Crown bound them. The role of the aristocracy in the political emancipation of the lesser nobility and the importance of the latter for the maturing of the Lithuanian-Polish Union are issues that still require further research. Jonas Jonaitis Zaberezinskis gave some of his nobles personal freedom and economic autonomy, which can be regarded as a precondition for political emancipation.

The object of this research is the Zaberezinskis family among the political elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the association of the family's history (its genealogy, economic, political, foundational activity) with the rest of the environment of the GDL rulers of the Jagiellonian Dynasty. The general backdrop of the political life of the GDL makes it possible to see and evaluate the weight of the Zaberezininkis family among the country's ruling elite. From the late 15th to the middle of the 16th century, the aristocratic authority with its ages-old roots acquired institutional form. Foreseeing the possibility of rulers residing outside the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (as during Kazimierz Jagiellonian's rule), Alexander Jagiellonian's privilege of 6 August 1492 authorized broader prerogatives for the Council of Lords. At the same time, on the eve of the proclamation of the Grand Duke, the summoned parliament initiated the tradition of representation of the nobility. Institutional changes were accompanied by the reception of humanistic ideas, legal culture and political theory, linked to the custom, increasing at the time, of nobility sending their offspring to universities to pursue higher education. The story of the Zaberezinskis family, descendants of Rimvydas, is presented In the context of the formation of the GDL Republic (Respublica Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae), a political nation of descendants of the Romans (as the Lithuanian nobility portrayed themselves). The earliest data on the kin are associated with the times of Sigismund Kęstutaitis, and the latest with those of Sigismund Augustus. Members of the family played a particularly significant role in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the times of Kazimierz Jagiellonian and his two sons Alexander and Sigismund the Old, from the 1480s until 1544. Responding to the postulates of the modern science of genealogy, the story of the family is presented according to its different branches. Against the background of key events in Lithuanian history, beginning from Jurgis Rimvydaitis and Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinskis, the careers of the latter's children and their descendants, their interrelationships, and factors influencing their careers are analysed. Due to the different status of different members of the family and the different amounts of data available in the sources, the questionnaire applied to different members of the family differs. Jonas Jurgaitis and his son Jonas Jonaitis Zaberezinskis, who reached the highest posts, are the most significant, and the most extensive treatment is given to their biographies. The composition of the landholding and the development of the network of towns are discussed in a separate part of the study. The available data (including property holdings) do not directly confirm a family relationship between the Zaberezinskis and the Manvydas families. No sources have been found in which the Zaberezinskis in any way mention Manvydas or his brother, or a family relationship with them. In the view of the author of this work, the success of Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinsky's career can be attributed to his holding the strategic post of Vicar of Polotsk at a key moment, the favour of Lithuanian Grand Duke Alexander and strong personal abilities. In consequence, Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinsky proved one of the most prominent personalities on the Council of Lords, achieving the particularly high offices of Voivode of Trakai and Grand Marshall, and personally taking part in the most important events in the interstate relations of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. For a variety of reasons (often due to early death), the only descendent of Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinskis who achieved a significant political career was his son Jonas Jonaitis Zaberezinskis (~1473-1538), who ultimately, like his father, assumed the posts of Voivode of Trakai and Grand Marshall of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. His relations with the other most influential high-ranking noblemen of the period are considered, especially the meaning of marriages contracted by him and arranged by him for his descendants and relatives. The gathered data regarding the formation and distribution of the family's latifundium show that the most important stage in the formation of the estate was the time of Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinskis, although later the family also acquired significant properties through marriage and purchases. A major step in this process was the marriage of Jonas Jurgaitis Zaberezinskis to the daughter, Ona, of Jonas Nasuta, who held large properties in Palenkė (Podlasie). Other ways land was acquired were purchases and gifts of the rulers (Casimir and Alexander). One such event that stands out is Alexander's gift in 1506 of the regions of Alytus and Simnas. Many of the surviving papers written by Jonas Jonaitis Zaberezinskis in the final period of his life, when he resided in Alytus as Keeper of the City and the Region, testify to intense internal colonization of the area of Alytus and Simnas by the Nemunas River. Alytus and Simnas also include the most noteworthy church foundations made by Jonas Jonaitis Zaberezinskis and his family, a clear witness to the founders' piety. As he gave the decisive impulse for Alytus and Simnas to become city-like settlements, he can properly be considered the founder of those cities. The political self-awareness of the Lithuanian aristocracy is best captured by the term from that period "the Republic of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania" (Respublica Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae), as D. Kuolis has accurately observed. The theory of the Roman origins of the Lithuanian nobility, with all its consequences (such as e.g. the rule of law), can be considered the highest peak of the political culture of the ruling elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1525 (well before the Union of Lublin, which is often associated with Lithuanian republican traditions) Albertas Goštautas's memorial to the Grand Duchess Bona associated the notion of nobility with loyalty to the ruler and responsibility for the commonwealth (the republic). Although it can be said that certain Republican ideals drawn from antiquity thrived among the Lithuanian aristocracy, their dominant trait was conservatism (unwillingness to admit lesser nobility to the structures of power). The high-rank nobility clearly recognized the ruler as the head of the political body of the Grand Duchy, and sought for him a crown. The programme for a Kingdom of Lithuania should be linked to the need, fostered by aristocracy, for the GDL to have its own distinct identity, though having a separate ruler was important also for practical reasons: the unquestioned centralized government accelerated the defence mechanisms of the state. A contemporary observer testifies that, when the ruler was absent, the Lithuanian lords "did not know what to do, remained undecided and did nothing." The ruling elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, both in their actions and in what they wrote (in the Lithuanian chronicles and elsewhere), unequivocally showed that no agreements with the Polish Crown bound them. The role of the aristocracy in the political emancipation of the lesser nobility and the importance of the latter for the maturing of the Lithuanian-Polish Union are issues that still require further research. Jonas Jonaitis Zaberezinskis gave some of his nobles personal freedom and economic autonomy, which can be regarded as a precondition for political emancipation.

Bolkvadze, Levan. A Study on Competitive and Internationalization Strategies of Turkish Construction Companies Operating Internationally. Master's thesis, Ankara, 2017. Technological developments and other rapid changes in the business environment made competition more intense and only the firms having competitive advantage can survive under these conditions. The competition in domestic markets has become one of the main motives for expanding the operations to other countries and markets. Thereby understanding how companies differentiate themselves from their competitors, why and how they expand their operations in international markets has become important issue nowadays. The main objective of this research is to study the competitive and internationalization strategies of Turkish international construction companies in domestic and international markets. Considering the aims of the study, purposive sampling was used such that only the companies having operations outside of Turkey were included in the study. Data were gathered from 10 international contractors through in-depth interviews. The interview questions were prepared in line with the literature about competitive and internationalization strategies Data were analyzed using descriptive and content analyses techniques. Results demonstrated that six of the participant companies follow the differentiation strategy, one of them follows cost leadership strategy, one of them follows cost leadership and differentiation strategies at once and one company follows the focus strategy to differentiate themselves from their competitors in domestic markets. In international markets, however, four of ten companies use differentiation strategy, another four of them uses both differentiation and cost leadership strategies and remaining two companies use all of the competitive strategies (i.e., differentiation, cost leadership and focus strategies) at a time. It is noteworthy to mention that majority of the investigated companies prefer a joint-venture mode for operating on abroad country markets. Looking at the results of this study, contractors are suggested to make use of cost leadership strategy more and follow it through backward integration. Key words: construction sector, competitive strategy, internationalization strategy, entry modes ; ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL.i DECLARATION.ii YATIMLAMA VE FİKİR MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI.iii ETIK BEYAN.iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.v ABSTRACT.vi ÖZET. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS.x LIST OF TABELS.xiii LIST OF FIGURES.xiv INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….1 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………….3 1.1. Corporate Level Strategy.4 1.2. Competitive Strategies.7 1.2.1. Five Competitive Forces.7 1.2.1.1. Threat of Entry.8 1.2.1.2. Rivalry among Existing Firms.11 1.2.1.3. Threat of Substitute Products.12 1.2.1.4. Bargaining Power of Buyers.12 1.2.1.5. Bargaining Power of Suppliers.…………….13 1.2.2. Three Generic Strategies.13 1.2.2.1. Cost Leadership Strategy.14 1.2.2.2. Differentiation Strategy.15 1.2.2.3. Focus Strategy.16 1.3. Internationalization Strategy.17 1.3.1. Country Selection Process………………………….21 1.3.1.1. Opportunities…………………………….23 1.3.1.1.1. Product Demand in the Host Country.23 1.3.1.1.2. Resource Availability.23 1.3.1.1.3. Cultural Forces…………………….24 1.3.1.1.4. Market Size, Economic, Financial Forces.25 1.3.1.1.5. Easiness and Compatibility of Operation.27 1.3.1.1.6. Country Infrastructure.27 1.3.1.2. Risks…………….…………………………….27 1.3.1.2.1. Financial Risk and Uncertainty………….28 1.3.1.2.2. Competitive Risk……………………….28 1.3.1.2.3. Political Risk………………………….29 1.3.2. Country Entry Modes………………………….30 1.3.2.1. Strategic Alliance.32 1.3.2.2. Build-Operate-Transfer/Equity Project (BOT).33 1.3.2.3. Joint Venture Project / Alliance……………….34 1.3.2.4. Joint Venture Company.35 1.3.2.5. Representative Office…………….35 1.3.2.6. Branch Office……………………………….36 1.3.2.7. Licensing…………………………………….36 1.3.2.8. Local Agent……………….37 1.3.2.9. Sole Venture Company……….38 1.4. Construction Industry……………………………….38 1.4.1. Construction Sector in the World.39 1.4.2. Construction Sector in Turkey……………….43 1.5. Internationalization of Turkish Construction Companies.46 1.5.1. Strengths.51 1.5.2. Weaknesses.52 1.5.3. Opportunities.53 1.5.4. Threats.54 CHAPTER 2: METHOD.56 2.1. Data Collection Method.56 2.2. Qualitative Research.56 2.2.1. Interview Types and Technical Issues.57 2.3. Reliability and validity………………………………….60 2.4. Participants.64 2.4.1. First Company Profile………………………….65 2.4.2. Second Company Profile.65 2.4.3. Third Company Profile…………………………….66 2.4.4. Forth Company Profile……………………………….66 2.4.5. Fifth Company Profile.67 2.4.6. Sixth Company Profile.67 2.4.7. Seventh Company Profile…………………………….68 2.4.8. Eighth Company Profile.68 2.4.9. Ninth Company Profile.69 2.4.10. Tenth Company Profile……………………………….69 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS.71 3.1. Company General Profiles……………………………………….76 3.2. Company Competitiveness…………………………………………….78 3.3. Internationalization………………………………………….94 3.4. Human Resources and Technical Management………….114 3.5. Financing………………………………………….118 3.6. Control.122 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION.129 4.1. Review of the Findings about Competitive Strategies.129 4.2. Review of the Finding about Internalization.135 4.3. Limitations.148 4.4. Suggestion.148 REFERENCES.151 APPENDICES.181 A. INTERVIEW FORM.181 B. VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION FORM.185 C. ETHICS BOARD APPROVAL.187 D. THESIS ORIGINALITY REPORT.188 LIST OF TABELS TABLES Table 1.1: Construction Projects According to Countries.45 Table 1.2: Construction Sector Growth rate.47 Table 1.3: Abroad Projects and their Costs.50 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Figure 1.1: Five Competitive Forces.8 Figure 1.2: Three Generic strategies.14 Figure 1.3: The field of international business – activities across borders.19 Fıgure 1.4: Country Selection Process.22 Figure 1.5: Country Entry Modes.31 Figure 1.6: Construction Investment in 2014.42 Figure 1.7: International Construction Sales.43 Figure 1.8: Construction Sector Growth Rate.48 Figure 1.9: Annual International Contracting Services.49 Figure 1.10: Distribution of International Works by Country.49 Figure 1.11: Distribution of International Works by Nature of Work.50 Figure 4.1: Firms according to their competitive strategies on domestic market.130 Figure 4.2: Competitive strategies of firms on domestic market.132 Figure 4.3: Competitive strategies of firms on international market.133 Figure 4.4: Competitive strategies of firms on international market.135 Figure 4.5: Entry modes.136 Figure 4.6: Internationalization motives.138 Figure 4.7: Internationalization difficulties.140 Figure 4.8: Governmental, political and legal factors.142 Figure 4.9: Resource related factors.144 Figure 4.10: Economic and financial factors.145 Figure 4.11: Market related factors.145 Figure 4.12: Strategies for overcoming difficulties.147 ; Bolkvadze, Levan. Uluslararası düzeyde çalışan Türk inşaat şirketlerinin rekabetçilik ve uluslararasılaşma stratejileri üzerine bir çalışma. Yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara, 2017. İş dünyasındaki teknolojik gelişmeler ve diğer hızlı değişmeler rekabeti daha yoğun hale getirmekte ve bu koşullarda sadece rekabetçi avantaja sahip olan firmalar faaliyetlerine devam edebilmektedir. Yerel pazarlardaki rekabet, başka ülke ve pazarlara faaliyetleri genişletmenin en önemli nedenlerinden biri olmuştur. Bu nedenle, günümüzde firmaların kendilerini rakip firmalardan nasıl farklılaştırdıklarını anlamak, uluslararası pazarlarda faaliyetlerini nasıl ve neden genişlettiklerini anlamak önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu araştırmanın esas amacı, Türk uluslararası inşaat şirketlerinin yerel ve uluslararası piyasalarda kullandıkları rekabetçi ve uluslararasılaşma stratejilerini incelemektir. Çalışmanın amaçları göz önünde bulundurularak, amaçlı örnekleme yapılmış, bu çerçevede sadece Türkiye dışında da faaliyetleri olan inşaat firmaları çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Veriler 10 uluslararası inşaat firmasından derinlemesine görüşme tekniğiyle toplanmıştır. Görüşme soruları rekabet ve uluslararasılaşma stratejileri ile ilgili literatür göz önünde bulundurularak oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen veriler betimsel ve içerik analizi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, incelenen 10 şirketten altısının rekabet stratejilerinden farklılaştırma stratejisini, birinin maliyet liderliği stratejisini, birinin farklılaştırma ve maliyet liderliği stratejilerinin birlikte ve diğerinin odak stratejini takip ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Uluslararası pazarda ise on şirketin dördünün farklılaşma stratejisini, diğer dördünün farklılaştırma ve maliyet liderliğini bir arada kullandığı ve geri kalan iki şirketin ise bütün rekabet stratejilerini ( farklılaşma, maliyet liderliği ve odak strateji) kullandıkları görülmüştür. Ayrıca, araştırılan şirketlerin çoğunluğunun yurt dışı ülke pazarlarında faaliyet göstermek ve bu pazarlara girmek için ortak girişim yöntemini tercih ettiği bulgusundan bahsetmekte fayda vardır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına bakıldığında inşaat şirketlerinin maliyet liderliği stratejisine vurgu yapmaları ve geriye dönük entegrasyon yoluyla takip etmeleri önerilmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Inşaat sektörü, rekabet stratejisi, uluslararasılaşma stratejisi, giriş modları