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International custom remains one of the most important sources of international law despite the codification of the law and the numerous international agreements concluded between the different actors of the international community. However, uncertainties still remain in relation to several of its aspects, presenting challenges to national and international judges when called upon to identify and apply the rules of customary international law. With a view to addressing these grey areas, the Council of Europe ad hoc Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law (CAHDI) in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France organised a conference on "The Judge and International Custom" where important contributions were made by international and national judges clarifying some aspects of this topical issue. This volume contains these contributions, supplemented with articles commissioned by the CAHDI from some of the highest judges at international and national level. The collection highlights the valuable contribution made by the CAHDI to the development of public international law and in particular to the work of the International Law Commission and the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly by participating proactively in the legal debate to establish a well-defined international legal framework for this topical issue. --

Cet article s'inscrit dans le cadre du débat sur l'impact de la RSE sur les perceptions des parties prenantes de l'entreprise, nommément ses clients et ses collaborateurs. Dans ce sens, nous proposons une revue de littérature du concept de la RSE, en tant que concept académique, en abordant ses définitions selon les différentes évolutions et théories proposées audit concept. Ensuite, nous abordons les sources historiques et les fondements théoriques du second concept. Ainsi, nous dressons une revue de littérature axée sur la satisfaction client, comprenant une analyse des différentes définitions et types de cette dernière. Puis avant de présenter le lien entre RSE et satisfaction client, nous présentons les différents modèles de cette dernière ainsi que les instruments disponibles pour sa mesure et son évaluation. Enfin, afin de construire les fondements littéraires de la dernière notion, à savoir la satisfaction des employés, nous présentons les définitions, les approches et les différents instruments proposés pour son évaluation. Nous établissons, enfin, le lien entre la mise en place d'une politique RSE par l'entreprise et la satisfaction de ses collaborateurs.

This thesis is devoted to the study of the Reform of customs administrations, which can be placed in a general context, but still asserting itself on a fairly specific case, concerning the Chadian customs administration. This is why it is entitled: The Reform of Customs Administrations: The Case of Chad.Customs administrations around the world are obliged to carry out reforms, given the globalization of trade which imposes the principles of free trade. It is a fight in fact, waged against all kinds of customs barriers that tend to obstruct this world trade. One of the objectives of these customs reforms is to establish a certain policy of facilitation of international trade. That is why the WTO and the WCO are working closely together in this regard. They are also obliged to seek the adhesion of states around the world in order to implement free trade. This adhesion is expressed by the reform of customs which are at the heart of international trade activities. The second objective is at the national level, in relation to the objective set by the Chadian state through this customs reform. The State of Chad is looking at the national level for the implementation of customs reform through a plan to improve public finances. This plan is called the Plan of Action for the Modernization of Public Finance Management (PAMFIP). This reform is well under way, but is not producing satisfactory results. The choice of this topic makes it possible to understand the real difficulties which arise with this reform, in order to propose approaches of solution.KEYWORDSCustoms reforms, Customs, Customs administration, Customs law, Free trade, International trade, developing countries, economic integration, international agreements, politicization and depoliticization of the administration. ; Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la Réforme des administrations douanières pouvant se situer dans un contexte général, mais en s'affirmant tout de même sur un cas assez spécifique, concernant l'administration des douanes tchadiennes. C'est ...

This thesis is devoted to the study of the Reform of customs administrations, which can be placed in a general context, but still asserting itself on a fairly specific case, concerning the Chadian customs administration. This is why it is entitled: The Reform of Customs Administrations: The Case of Chad.Customs administrations around the world are obliged to carry out reforms, given the globalization of trade which imposes the principles of free trade. It is a fight in fact, waged against all kinds of customs barriers that tend to obstruct this world trade. One of the objectives of these customs reforms is to establish a certain policy of facilitation of international trade. That is why the WTO and the WCO are working closely together in this regard. They are also obliged to seek the adhesion of states around the world in order to implement free trade. This adhesion is expressed by the reform of customs which are at the heart of international trade activities. The second objective is at the national level, in relation to the objective set by the Chadian state through this customs reform. The State of Chad is looking at the national level for the implementation of customs reform through a plan to improve public finances. This plan is called the Plan of Action for the Modernization of Public Finance Management (PAMFIP). This reform is well under way, but is not producing satisfactory results. The choice of this topic makes it possible to understand the real difficulties which arise with this reform, in order to propose approaches of solution.KEYWORDSCustoms reforms, Customs, Customs administration, Customs law, Free trade, International trade, developing countries, economic integration, international agreements, politicization and depoliticization of the administration. ; Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la Réforme des administrations douanières pouvant se situer dans un contexte général, mais en s'affirmant tout de même sur un cas assez spécifique, concernant l'administration des douanes tchadiennes. C'est ...