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The article is dedicated to the discussion of the problems of microfinance in developing countries through a detailed analysis of the history and politics of development, operation and regulation of the microfinance sector. Further the article explores the reasons for the failure of microfinance development programs based on the experience of individual countries, and provides a theoretical basis for it. The article also examines policies of microfinance institutions (MFIs), which in some cases, cause significant harm to local production instead of maintaining it. In the final part the article discusses the negative derivative effects of the microfinance application, which is still relevant in many states. ; Статья посвящена обсуждению проблематики микрофинансирования в развивающихся странах путем подробного анализа истории и политики становления, функционирования и регулирования микрофинансового сектора. Далее статья исследует причины провала микрофинансовых программ по развитию исходя из опыта отдельных стран, и дает теоретические обоснования для этого. В статье также рассматривается политика деятельности микрофинансовых организаций (МФО), которые в отдельных случаях, наносят существенный вред местному производству вместо ее поддержания. В заключительной части статьи обсуждаются производные негативные последствия внедрения микрофинансирования, которые до сих пор актуальны во многих государствах.

This article analyzes the progress of economic reform in developing countries. The problems of second wave of agrarian reform in developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East. Featuring the agriculture and agrarian reforms of individual countries of the four continents of our world. Authors specified that the current state of agriculture in these countries; show features of the agrarian reforms in these countries; indicate the reasons that hamper the development of these reforms; allocate priorities for the future developments of these reforms. The article points out the abundant experiment of agriculture and processing industry development during the last ten years in several developing countries (China, India, Argentina, Brazil, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, etc.). These countries introduce high-intensive technologies into agriculture, apply innovations in plant and animal breeding using new forms of labor organization. They actively introduce foreign companies to their countries for industrial processing of their products (coffee, cocoa, dairy and meat products, vegetables and fruits) and their promotion to international food markets. Actual problems of the agrarian sphere of developing countries are: the ordering of forms and methods of market trade (every third inhabitant of these countries is involved in trading food products); the use of new technologies for water desalination; training qualified personnel; the mechanization of agricultural work, etc. ; Работа посвящена анализу хода экономических реформ в развивающихся странах. Исследуются проблемы 2-ой волны аграрных реформ в развивающихся странах Азии, Африки и Ближнего Востока. Рассматриваются особенности сельского хозяйства и аграрных реформ отдельных стран этих 4-х континентов нашей планеты. Авторы анализируют современное состояние сельского хозяйства этих стран; показывают особенности аграрных реформ в них; указывают причины, которые тормозят развитие этих реформ; выделяют приоритетные направления развития данных реформ на перспективу. В статье показан передовой опыт по развитию сельского хозяйства и перерабатывающей промышленности в последние десятилетия ряда развивающихся стран (Китая, Индии, Аргентины, Бразилии, Кении, Саудовской Аравии и др.). Эти страны внедряют в сельское хозяйство высокоинтенсивные технологии, применяют инновации в селекции растений и в породах разведения животных, используя новые формы организации труда. Они активно привлекают в свои страны иностранные фирмы для промышленной переработки своей продукции (кофе, какао, молочных и мясных продуктов, овощей и фруктов) и продвижение их на международные рынки продовольствия. Актуальными проблемами аграрной сферы развивающихся стран является: упорядочение форм и методов рыночной торговли (каждый третий житель этих стран торгует продуктами питания); использование новых технологий опреснения воды для полива; подготовка квалифицированных кадров; механизация сельскохозяйственных работ и т.д.

Permanent inflow of foreign direct investment is a powerful driver of economic development in developing countries. However, the country's underdeveloped institutional environment imposes additional costs on the investors. We identified the specificity of the institutional environment's impact on attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries with different levels of economic development. Based on the heterogeneity of the studied countries, we hypothesised that in developing countries institutions become an active determinant of FDI after exceeding a certain threshold. In other words, institutional factors do not affect FDI inflows into relatively underdeveloped countries among a group of developing countries whose level of economic development does not exceed the threshold. To test this hypothesis, we simulated an intra-group economic modelling based on the data of the World Bank, the Heritage Foundation and the For Peace Foundation for the period from 2005 to 2015. The main tool of econometric analysis was a panel regression with fixed effects at the country level and a two-step least squares method with instrumental variables. We used indices of economic freedom and the state insolvency as aggregated indicators of the non-overlapping groups of institutional factors. The study's main results have confirmed the hypothesis that institutional factors affect FDI inflows only in the countries where gross national income per capita is higher than average. Moreover, we defined the threshold value of gross national income per capita that a country needs to achieve in order to make any institutional changes to enhance FDI inflows. Thus, government policies, aimed at increasing the developing countries' attractiveness for foreign investors, should firstly take into account the level of economic development of the recipient country. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

It is clear to everyone that investment in the agricultural sector in developing countries is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty and hunger in the world. Agricultural investment can generate a wide range of development opportunities. However, these benefi ts cannot be expected to arise automatically. Some forms of large-scale investment pose significant risks to investor states. It should be noted, however, that, despite discussions about the potential benefits and risks of international investment, there is still no evidence of negative actual consequences for the countries receiving investments. This article examines the issues of investment activity in relation to developing countries using the example of US agribusiness entities.

Retracted articleAt present, the share of small-sized enterprises in Gross Domestic Product and their development rates in Russia are considerably lower than those in economically developed countries. The state regulates market relations there only through legislation. In Russia and in other countries with transition economics small-sized enterprises should get essential legal, financial and economical support on the part of the state. Russian entrepreneurship innovative development ways are shown. ; Статья отозванаВ настоящее время доля малого бизнеса в ВВП России и темпы его развития существенно ниже, чем в экономически развитых странах. Государство регулирует рыночные процессы там только законодательным путем. В России и в других в странах с переходной экономикой государство должно оказывать малым предприятиям большую законодательную и финансово-экономическую поддержку. Показаны пути инновационного развития малого предпринимательства в России.

Permanent inflow of foreign direct investment is a powerful driver of economic development in developing countries. However, the country's underdeveloped institutional environment imposes additional costs on the investors. We identified the specificity of the institutional environment's impact on attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries with different levels of economic development. Based on the heterogeneity of the studied countries, we hypothesised that in developing countries institutions become an active determinant of FDI after exceeding a certain threshold. In other words, institutional factors do not affect FDI inflows into relatively underdeveloped countries among a group of developing countries whose level of economic development does not exceed the threshold. To test this hypothesis, we simulated an intra-group economic modelling based on the data of the World Bank, the Heritage Foundation and the For Peace Foundation for the period from 2005 to 2015. The main tool of econometric analysis was a panel regression with fixed effects at the country level and a two-step least squares method with instrumental variables. We used indices of economic freedom and the state insolvency as aggregated indicators of the non-overlapping groups of institutional factors. The study's main results have confirmed the hypothesis that institutional factors affect FDI inflows only in the countries where gross national income per capita is higher than average. Moreover, we defined the threshold value of gross national income per capita that a country needs to achieve in order to make any institutional changes to enhance FDI inflows. Thus, government policies, aimed at increasing the developing countries' attractiveness for foreign investors, should firstly take into account the level of economic development of the recipient country. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Представлен обзор исследований оценки влияния институциональных факторов на привлечение прямых иностранных инвестиций в зависимости от используемых ими показателей оценки институциональной среды. Проведено внутригрупповое моделирование влияния институциональных факторов на приток прямых иностранных инвестиций в развивающиеся страны. Разработана методика выявления порогового уровня развития страны. ; The article has been prepared with the support of the grant from the President of the Russian Federation No. MD-6402.2018.6 Institutional factors of attracting foreign direct investment: country and regional analysis.

Protection of military management system, military technologies, modern weapons, aim determining targets and other systems against cyber attacks are studied in the article as one of topical and significant task for preventing influence of cyber attacks. C ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы защиты военных систем управления, военных технологий, современных оружейных комплексов, систем наведения и других систем от кибер атак и сокращения или предотвращения воздействий кибер атак как, одна из актуальных и неотло ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы защиты военных систем управления, военных технологий, современных оружейных комплексов, систем наведения и других систем от кибер атак и сокращения или предотвращения воздействий кибер атак как, одна из актуальных и неотло

The paper overviews the global and financially sensitive issues of sanitation and water supply in concern with preventing waterborne infections. The strategy and efficiency of clean drinking water supply withhold a number of obvious sanitation shortcomings. To positive results on a global scale, EU countries have adopted and implemented certain hygiene and public water supply sanitation strategies. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE