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The Paris Agreement provides a framework for all countries - both developed and developing - to voluntarily adopt individual targets, elaborated in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This effectively introduces commitments on the country in the sectors covered by their NDCs. Consequently, there is a need for countries to ensure that mitigation outcomes (MOs) and their international transfer are accompanied by robust accounting. Beyond international climate markets under Article 6, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) decided to establish a global market-based mechanism, in the form of the carbon offsetting and reduction scheme for international aviation (CORSIA), to help achieve ICAO's global goal of carbon-neutral growth. This note seeks to identify processes for the generation and transfer of carbon assets in post-2020 international climate markets and to suggest standard terminology in the carbon asset development cycle across key independent standards. The note builds on existing practices among different independent standards to streamline and harmonize process flows and ensure that country governments have greater clarity on the process for engaging in climate markets. This note reflects inputs from the informal working group on carbon assets, pilot transactions under different initiatives, as well as knowledge produced in relevant platforms.

We construct and estimate a model of child development in which both the parents and children make investments in the child's skill development. In each period of the development process, partially altruistic parents act as the Stackelberg leader and the child the follower when setting her own study time. We then extend this non-cooperative form of interaction by allowing parents to offer incentives to the child to increase her study time, at some monitoring cost. We show that this incentive scheme, a kind of internal conditional cash transfer, produces efficient outcomes and, in general, increases the child's cognitive ability. In addition to heterogeneity in resources (wage offers and non-labor income), the model allows for heterogeneity in preferences both for parents and children, and in monitoring costs. Like their parents, children are forward looking, but we allow children and parents to have different preferences and for children to have age-varying discount rates, becoming more "patient" as they age. Using detailed time diary information on the allocation of parent and child time linked to measures of child cognitive ability, we estimate several versions of the model. Using model estimates, we explore the impact of various government income transfer policies on child development. As in Del Boca et al. (2016), we find that the most effective set of policies are (external) conditional cash transfers, in which the household receives an income transfer given that the child's cognitive ability exceeds a prespecified threshold. We find that the possibility of households using internal cash transfers greatly increases the cost effectiveness of external cash transfer policies.

This paper explores the use of Inuit Quajimajatuqangit (IQ) and the policy formation process of the rational decision making model. Based on the current research of Inuit Canadians concerning parental involvement within northern schools, this paper examines how an Indigenous way of knowing can be infused with a non-Indigenous method of policy development. The majority of this paper reviews past policy that has been placed upon Inuit Canadians as the framework for understanding how Inuit arrived at the current educational situation. The author introduces how Inuit have taken up this situation, and are working in present day with a positive perspective.Keywords: Inuit Quajimajatuqangit (IQ), Pijitsirniq, Aajiiqatigiingniq, Pilirqatigiingniq. Inuit Quajimajatuqangit (IQ) is Inuit knowledge and societal values through which Inuit function. Pijitsirniq is the concept of serving. Aajiiqatigiingniq is consensus in decision making. Pilirqatigiingniq is working together for a common purpose.Cet article explore l'emploi de l'Inuit Quajimajatuqangit et le processus d'élaboration des politiques du modèle de prise de décision rationnelle. Reposant sur la recherche actuelle par des Inuits canadiens sur l'implication des parents dans les écoles du Nord, cet article examine la mesure dans laquelle un mode autochtone de connaissance peut être empreint d'une méthode non autochtone d'élaboration des politiques. La majorité de l'article passe en revue les anciennes politiques imposées aux Inuits Canadiens; ce passé sert de cadre pour comprendre comment les Inuits en sont arrivés à la situation actuelle en matière d'éducation. L'auteure explique que les Inuits ont assumé cette situation et qu'ils y travaillent actuellement avec optimisme.Mots clés : l'Inuit Quajimajatuqangit (IQ), Pijitsirniq, Aajiiqatigiingniq, Pilirqatigiingniq. L'Inuit Quajimajatuqangit (IQ), ce sont les connaissances et les valeurs sociales avec lesquelles fonctionnent les Inuits. Pijitsirniq, c'est le concept du service. Aajiiqatigiingniq désigne le consensus dans la prise de décision. Pilirqatigiingniq, c'est travailler ensemble en vue d'atteindre un objectif commun.

This article describes the historical evolvement of human capacity building in Vietnam since the end of the Vietnam War. While current research has focused on investigating the motives of international students, skilled migrants and effects of skill migration policies, this article uses a historical approach to unpacking key political documents mostly published in Vietnamese to explore how human capital has been trained, used and retained. Eight successive phases for human capital development projects are analyzed through key publications by the Communist Party of Vietnam, the Central Government and related literature. It argues that human capital is not solely an individual's asset, but publicly shared commodity. This argument can be used as a reference for further research that looks into issues of Vietnam's human capital and migration from this country.