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Considering as young countries those parts of the world which were occupied and to some extent populated as a result of "Europe's expansion", which began with the discovery of America and extended to Australia, New Zeeland and some parts of Africa, the author tries to make a distinction between two completely different types of colonies in accordance with the way these areas were colonized. In the "exploitation" type of colony, a small number of european immigrants were conquerors, governors, missionaries, landowners, lawyers, merchants, military or civil servants and belonged to a superiors class, whereas the natives were doing most of the actual work. In the "colonization" type, the native population, which was very scarce, has been dislodged and some cases exterminated and the work was done by the immigrants or imported slaves. Argentina, Uruguay, the South of Brazil and Chile belong to the "colonization" type as also most of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zeeland, whereas most of the Latin- American republics were colonies of the "exploitation type". To-day these countries, especially those of English origin, enjoy a high income level, because the access to education and technical knowledge enabled the population to get the benefit of a high productivity. As to the countries of Spanish origin, before the second world war, Argentina and Uruguay had a per capita income very close to that of the English origin countries, but comparing with the year 1950, although Argentina is in a higher position than other Latin-American countries, her income level is lower than that of ten countries of Western Europe. One can say that the material living standard is generally higher in Argentina than in other Latin-American countries of the "exploitation" type, but lower than in the "colonization" type of British origin countries. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

Inversiones públicas e inversiones privadas en el desarrollo económico; resolución del Consejo de la C.C.I.--Informe de la "Comisión de Inversiones en el Extranjero y para el Desarrollo Económico."--Anexo: Resolución de las Naciones Unidas sobre el movimiento internacional de capitales privados

Reversible actions and reactions between organism and environment in regard to life upon the American high plateaus lead to en adaptative process whose goal is acclimatization. As a consequence of the alluded interactions the organism may become adjusted either to live in the altitude individual acclimatization or to Iive and to reproduce, race acclimatization. To the author this phase of adjustment (adaptation) implies a form of Mountain Sickness to which he was the first to call attention in 1928. When Mountain Sickness is cured, acclimatization supervenes. Some men never get acclimatized. They develop Chronic Mountain Sickness and die. A form of survival is migration to the low lands. The environment assailment-climatic aggresion,-may be defined as the noxious action of the Andean climate ("temple", from the Greek, meaning "dwelling-place") upon the dwellers from low lands and that of the sea coast upon the mountain men. The physiografic forces act upon the individual and the race in such a definite way that the behavior of high plateau societies has been confronted by its perennial influence. Thus it is not surprising that it can be traced in the historic documents and books about Tahuantisuyo and the Colonial Spanish Epoch. It has been proved that these facts were contemplated in the Inca's social legislation and that Pachacutec and other kings tood advantage of their knowledge in their war tactics (Garcilaso de la Vega). Climatic aggresion can be traced also in human and animal reproduction. The "San Nicolas de Tolentino miracle" concerning the first offspring born from Spanish ascendance fifty years after the Spaniards arrived at Potosi (12000 feet altitude), finds that the biological explanation is through a slow process of progressive race acclimatization of the human specie. The act of foundation of Lima (Lima, the capital of Perú, was foundation in 1535 and is 500 feet above sea level). points out that the capital was transferredfrom Jauja (10,500 feet altitude) to sea level because the pigs, horses and fowl did not reproduce. The observations of Father Cobo (XVII century) concerning the descendants (by crossing Spanish and Indian blood) might be considered as Mendelian anticipations. As a result of the balanced interdependence of man and milieu, acclimatization of Andean natives and foreign people may he considered as a rule by the fixation of men and animals on the Andes from a prehistoric time.Training for athletes implies the compensation of an oxygen debt produced by progressive exercise above normal requirements. Therefore the permanent altitude oxygen deficit, conversaly, must condition a compulsory stimulus to create athletics. Thus, to get accustomed to exercise is the altitude law of the body. Now, all the investigators agree on the extraordinary strength of the Andean men, and Colonial writers stress the fact that physical culture was incorporated in their daily life: in locating their cities and houses on trop of the countains; in their social organization, foot messengers (Chasquis) and Inca stretcher carriers; in the different cult expressions (apachetas ), in the selection of the nobility class (Huaracu's festivity and the "orejones", big ear rings ordeal) and finally in the wedding ceremonials (Acataimita and Paltay festivals). In these cases the training was carried out as for Olympic games, according to the strictest rules: camp concentration, adequate food, psychological tests, physical culture, abstinence and hygienic life in order to be fitted for the games. To the winners belonged the rights and honors. A bio-climatic determinism was actually impressed in the building of their societies so deeply saturated with the telluric environment. That is the answer to the sense of human migrations to lands of the same climate and the return nomadism which constitute the mitimaes organization, some kind of internal colonization built up on a cIimatic foundation. As a consequence, the continuous changes of population brought a perennial crossing of men from different lands but always keeping this transfer at a similar altitude and the same land. Thus the Inca's sociology was bio-cIimatic. The biological influence of the altitude was noticed in the individual, the race and the societies of America in peace, war and in colonization. The Spanish crown knew this fact and tried to promote it with adequate legislation that unfortunately remained only written. The Republic ignores this problem. During the emancipation wars whenever the Argentine troops fought in low lands as it happened in the proximity of Jujuy (1236 meters above sea level}, Salta (1185 meters) and Tucuman (477 meters) they were the winners, while they were defeated by the Andean high altitude troops in the Alto Perú, above 3,000 meters of altitude (Sipe-sipe, Ahoyuma and Guaqui.). San Martin refused to cross the high plateaus, as if he had an intuition about the climatic agression which had defeated the men of the low, lands previously. All the writers agree on the outstanding feature of the contradictory behavior of men: in their place of origin they were prominent warriors or showed good fighting spirit, but they lost their skill when they were at a high altitude. From the industrial standpoint, the knowledge of inferlity brought about by high altitude, has allowed selection of animals suited for reproduction. This selection has greatly improved the farming industry at high plateaus. As we have emphasized, climatic aggression on the reproductive organs has been shown since the arrival of the Spaniards to the Andes. The wisdom of the Inca's sociological laws as it appears from a historic standpoint confirms the knowledge they had about the influence of the high plateaus climate upon the individual, the race and the andean american soeieties. ; Acciones y reacciones reversibles entre organismo y ambiente crean un proceso permanente adaptativo que conduce a la aclimatación. En realidad la adaptación es una forma de Mal de Altura cuya curación es la aclimatación. Se trata pues de una noxa climática que actúa sobre el individuo y la raza a punto tal que ha quedado enjuiciado en los relatos, documentos y libros de los comentarios o Historiadores del Tahuantisuyo y la Colonia, La "agresión climática" aparece definida por la acción nociva del "temple" andino para los costeños y del 'temple" costeño para los serranos. Tal factor fué contemplado en la Legislación social del Incario y Pachacutec y otros Incas la utilizaron en la táctica de la guerra (Garcilaso ). Se dejó sentir visiblemente la "agresión climática" en la reproducción humana y animal, Sobre lo primero el milagro de San Nicolás de Tolentino referente al primer hijo de padres españoles logrado en Potosí, tiene todas las características de un tan sensacional acontecimiento que entró en la tradición de la Villa hasta que la Escuela Médica Peruana encontró su explicación biológica, demostrando que, en la altura, a la fertilidad se llegó mediante un proceso lento de aclimatación progresiva de las razas españolas en los elevados altiplanos de Sud-américa. Análogo hecho se recoge del Acta de la Fundación de Lima y al mismo se refiere insistentemente el Padre Cobo. También aparecen informaciones precisas sobre la preocupación genética de las sociedades autóctonas del Tahuantisuyo al prohibirse el matrimonio entre hermanos contra lo admitido generalmente, pues sólo fué a partir del gobierno de Tupac Yupanqui, que se autorizó tal cosa y únicamente para sujetos de sangre real. Es interesante anotar que sobre el mestizaje indo-hispánico estableciera el Padre Cobo conclusiones genéticas que pueden estimarse como anticipaciones mendelianas. Queremos dejar claramente establecido que la adaptación, y la aclimatación de raza en la altura constituye un hecho perfectamente establecido como lo demuestra la descendencia hispánica en los Andes,. La regla en la aclimatación es la fertilidad. Si al atletismo se obtiene creando un déficit de oxígeno por encima del requerimiento normal; el déficit de oxígeno permanente de la altitud debe conducir necesariamente al atletismo. Luego el acostumbramiento a la fatiga debe ser la ley orgánica de altura. Pues bien todos los Cronistas están conformes en hablamos de la extraordinaria resistencia física del andino y como el cultivo del esfuerzo se incorporó profundamentalmente en su vida diaria -ciudades y viviendas en las cumbres; en su organización social, chasquis y cargadores del Inca; en las distintas formas del culto-apachetas; en la selección de la nobleza, fiesta del Huaracu, orden de los "orejones" y en fin en las ceremonias nupciales, fiestas del Atacaimita y Paltay - En todas ellas el entrenamiento en lo que respecta a concentración, alimentación y ejercicios atléticos y vida rigurosamente higiénica era análogo a lo que ocurrió en los juegos olímpicos de Grecia y en la preparación actual de las Olimpiadas. La raza autóctona estuvo tan hondamente impregnada del ambiente telúrico que en la constitución de las sociedades tenía que actuar, imperativamente, un determinismo bio-climático. Así se explica el sentido de las migraciones a localidades del mismo temple y el nomadismo de retorno de la organización de los Mitimaes, lo que trajo como consecuencia un cruzamiento incesante que daba homogeneidad a la raza, cuidando siempre de la estabilidad del clima de altura. La Sociología incaica pues fué bio-climática; la influencia biológica del altiplano se dejó sentir en el hombre, la raza y las sociedades de América en la paz, en la guerra y en la colonización. La Corona de España conoció el hecho y trató de fomentarlo con una abundantísima legislación que sólo quedó escrita. La República ignora este problema. En las guerras de emancipación toda vez que las tropas porteñas combatieron en localidades de escasa elevación, como ocurrió en las proximidades de Jujuy (1236 m. sobre el nivel del mar), Salta (1185 m.) y Tucumán (477 m.) salieron vencedoras, mientras que fueron derrotadas por los ejércitos andinos en el Alto Perú, por encima de 3000 m. de altitud, Sipe-sipe, Ahoyuma y Huaqui. San Martín se negó a atravesar el altiplano como si tuviera la intuición biológica de la agresión climática que históricamente venció a los hombres del Llano. El Instituto Nacional de Biología Andina hace un llamamiento para que los pueblos indo-hispánicos reciban de los poderes del Estado la protección que su biología reclama y que el problema de la vida y de las sociedades andinas que con tanta devoción lo está resolviendo la Universidad de San Marcos reciba todo el apoyo que la Nación debe darle.

5. Desarrollo de la comunidad, extension y sintesis del Dai-C

How to cite: González de Dávila, C. (1956). Estudio socioeconómico de las comunidades rurales establecidas por el Gobierno de Puerto Rico: Un Plan de Educación para el mejoramiento de estas comunidades. Pedagogía, 4(1), 15-29. Retrieved from https://revistas.upr.edu/index.php/educacion/article/view/17112 ; Cómo citar: González de Dávila, C. (1956). Estudio socioeconómico de las comunidades rurales establecidas por el Gobierno de Puerto Rico: Un Plan de Educación para el mejoramiento de estas comunidades. Pedagogía, 4(1), 15-29. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.upr.edu/index.php/educacion/article/view/17112