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Diskriminacija je jedna od aktualnih problematika na međunarodnoj razini, posebice kada je riječ o onoj koja se provodi na tržištu rada. Ovaj multidimenzionlani proces utječe na niz negativnih socio-ekonomskih učinaka na razini nekog gospodarstva i društva. Zbog toga podliježe sve restriktivnijem zakonodavnom tretmanu i istraživanjima vodećih dionika. Konačni rezultat je njegovo suzbijanje i kontroliranje. Najzastpuljeniji oblici diskriminacije na tržištu rada su diskriminacija prema spolu i prema dobi. Iako postoje brojni čimbenici koji uzrokuju diskriminaciju na tržištu rada generalno se ističe kako je riječ o nepovoljnim političkim, socijalnim i ekonomskim stanjima na nekom području. Vjeruje se kako ona onemogućuju socijalni naredak i održivi razvoj gospodarstava diljem svijeta. Vodeći značaj u suzbijanju diskriminacije na međunarodnom tržištu rada ima Europska unija. Već duži niz godina ona provodi antidiskriminacijske politike i politiku jednakih mogućnosti za sve članove društva. Time predstavlja uzornu praksu i ostalim državama , pa tako i Hrvatskoj. ; Discrimination is one of the current issues at the international level, especially when is an object of the labor market. This multidimensional process influences a numerous negative socio-economic effects at the level of an economy and its society. Therefore, it is a subject to more restrictive legislative treatment and researches by leading stakeholders. The final result is its suppression and control. The most impeccable forms of discrimination on the labor market are discrimination against sex and age. Although there are the numerous factors that cause discrimination on the labor market, it is generally noted that this is coused by political, social and economic situation in some area. It is believed that discrimination on the labor market prevent the social order and sustainable development of economies around the world. The European Union has a leading role in combating discrimination on the international labor market. For a number of years now, EU has implemented anti-discrimination policies and policies of equal opportunities for all members of society. This is a good exemplary practice for other countries of the world, as is Croatia.

Diskriminacija je jedna od aktualnih problematika na međunarodnoj razini, posebice kada je riječ o onoj koja se provodi na tržištu rada. Ovaj multidimenzionlani proces utječe na niz negativnih socio-ekonomskih učinaka na razini nekog gospodarstva i društva. Zbog toga podliježe sve restriktivnijem zakonodavnom tretmanu i istraživanjima vodećih dionika. Konačni rezultat je njegovo suzbijanje i kontroliranje. Najzastpuljeniji oblici diskriminacije na tržištu rada su diskriminacija prema spolu i prema dobi. Iako postoje brojni čimbenici koji uzrokuju diskriminaciju na tržištu rada generalno se ističe kako je riječ o nepovoljnim političkim, socijalnim i ekonomskim stanjima na nekom području. Vjeruje se kako ona onemogućuju socijalni naredak i održivi razvoj gospodarstava diljem svijeta. Vodeći značaj u suzbijanju diskriminacije na međunarodnom tržištu rada ima Europska unija. Već duži niz godina ona provodi antidiskriminacijske politike i politiku jednakih mogućnosti za sve članove društva. Time predstavlja uzornu praksu i ostalim državama , pa tako i Hrvatskoj. ; Discrimination is one of the current issues at the international level, especially when is an object of the labor market. This multidimensional process influences a numerous negative socio-economic effects at the level of an economy and its society. Therefore, it is a subject to more restrictive legislative treatment and researches by leading stakeholders. The final result is its suppression and control. The most impeccable forms of discrimination on the labor market are discrimination against sex and age. Although there are the numerous factors that cause discrimination on the labor market, it is generally noted that this is coused by political, social and economic situation in some area. It is believed that discrimination on the labor market prevent the social order and sustainable development of economies around the world. The European Union has a leading role in combating discrimination on the international labor market. For a number of years now, EU ...

Varstvo materinstva je bistvenega pomena za zdravje in dobro počutje žensk ter njihovih otrok. Ključnega pomena je ženskam zagotoviti dostojno delo in enakost spolov, saj jim omogoča združitev reproduktivne in produktivne funkcije ter prepreči neenako obravnavanje pri zaposlovanju. Magistrsko diplomsko delo obravnava diskriminacijo nosečnic na delovnem mestu na nadnacionalni in nacionalni ravni. Uvodu v drugem poglavju sledi opis pojma in oblike diskriminacije nosečnic na delovnem mestu, v tretjem poglavju pa so na kratko opisani dokumenti, ki urejajo diskriminacijo nosečnic na mednarodni ravni. Ker pa je bistvo naloge primerjalnopravni vidik diskriminacije nosečnic na delovnem mestu, ki se bo nanašal na primerjavo med državami članicami Evropske unije, je v četrtem poglavju opisana diskriminacija nosečnic na ravni Evropske unije, dve najpomembnejši direktivi na tem področju in sodna praksa Sodišča EU. V petem poglavju je bolj podrobno opisana diskriminacija nosečnic na delovnem mestu v Sloveniji, relevantna zakonodaja, postopki v primeru diskriminacije, primeri pred Zagovornikom načela enakosti in nekaj primerov iz sodne prakse slovenskih sodišč. Šesto poglavje je namenjeno primerjavi diskriminacije nosečnic na delovnem mestu v različnih državah članicah Evropske unije, v katerem so primerjane Belgija, Nemčija, Poljska, Romunija, Španija in Švedska. V sedmem poglavju sledijo moji zaključki in ugotovitve, kako kljub zelo veliki zaščiti nosečih delavk v zakonodaji še vedno prihaja do številnih diskriminacij, zakaj je temu tako in kako bi lahko stanje izboljšali. ; Maternity protection is essential for the health and well-being of women and their children. It is crucial to ensure that women have access to decent work and gender equality, to enable them to combine their reproductive and productive functions and to prevent unequal treatment in employment. Master thesis deals with discrimination of pregnant women in the workplace at supranational and national level. The introduction is followed by the second chapter which describes the term and forms of discrimination against pregnant women in the workplace, while the third section briefly describes the documents governing discrimination against pregnant women on the international level. However, since the essence of the thesis is the comparative legal aspect of discrimination against pregnant women in the workplace, which will refer to the comparison between the Member States of the European Union, Chapter 4 describes the discrimination of pregnant women at European Union level, the two most important directives in this field and the case-law of the European Court of Justice. Chapter 5 in more detail describes the discrimination against pregnant women in the workplace in Slovenia, relevant legislation, procedures in case of discrimination, cases before the Advocate of the principle of equality, and some examples from the Slovenian case-law. Chapter 6 is intended to compare the discrimination against pregnant women in the workplace in different Member States of the European Union, comparing Belgium, Germany, Poland, Romania, Spain and Sweden. In Chapter 7 my conclusions are presented and the conclusions on how, despite the very high protection of pregnant worker in legislation, there are still many disparities, why is this the case and how the situation could be improved.

U početku 21. stoljeća često se koristi pojam pozitivne (afirmativne) diskriminacije. Pozitivna diskriminacija mjera je koju poduzima vlada, neka organizacija ili korporacija s ciljem da se smanje nejednakosti u društvu nastale upravo diskriminacijom, na način da se pružaju određene povlastice onima koji su pretrpjeli neku vrstu diskriminacije. Nastala je u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama na inicijativu predsjednika Kennedyja, Johnsona i Nixona. Diskriminacija, nažalost, ima mnogo oblika, a neke od najzastupljenijih diskriminacija su: rasne, rodne, dobne, religijske, etničke. Središte ovoga rada bit će na organizacijskoj i korporativnoj pozitivnoj rodnoj diskriminaciji na tržištu rada u Republici Hrvatskoj. Žene na radnom mjestu marginalizirane su, imaju manje plaće i sporije napreduju na hijerarhijskoj organizacijskoj ljestvici, što ih vrlo često stavlja pred izbor oko svojih reproduktivnih odluka. Stoga je problem istraživanja rodna nejednakost na tržištu rada u Republici Hrvatskoj, što dovodi do socioekonomskih nejednakosti između dviju rodnih grupa. Glavni je cilj istraživanja postići bolje razumijevanje kako pozitivna rodna diskriminacija utječe na veće uključivanje žena na tržište rada u Republici Hrvatskoj. Prikupljanje relevantnih podataka i informacija temeljit će se na sekundarnim (relevantna znanstvena i stručna literatura te dokumentacija odabranih organizacija) i primarnim istraživanjima (anketiranje i dubinski intervjui). Populacija ispitanika anketnim upitnikom su žene na menadžerskim pozicijama, a za intervjue donositelji korporativnih odluka (top menadžeri odabranih organizacija). Veličina uzorka za anketiranje je 30 (N=30), a za intervjue 6 (N=6). Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na zaključak da razumijevanje rodne diskriminacije te izgradnja svijesti da svi imaju jednake mogućnosti na radnom mjestu potiče žene na veće uključivanje na tržište rada u Republici Hrvatskoj, što doprinosi razvoju socioekonomske jednakosti između žena i muškaraca. ; In the beginning of the 21st century, the term positive discrimination is often used. Positive discrimination is a measure taken by the government, organization or corporation in order to reduce inequalities in the society occurred by discrimination in a way that provides certain benefits to those who have suffered some kind of discrimination. It was formed in the United States of America at the initiative of presidents Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon. Unfortunately discrimination takes many forms, and some of the most common are: race, gender, age, religion and ethnic minority. The focus of this paper will be on organizational and corporative positive gender discrimination in the labour market in Croatia. Women in the workplace are marginalized, have lower wages and slower progress on the hierarchical organizational ladder, which often forces them to make reproductive decisions. Therefore, the problem of this research is gender inequality in the labour market in Croatia which leads to socio-economic inequalities between the two gender groups. The main aim of the research is to achieve a better understanding of how positive gender discrimination affects the greater involvement of women in the labour market in Croatia. The relevant data and information will be collected using secondary (relevant scientific and technical literature and documentation of selected organizations) and primary research (surveys and in-depth (thorough) interviews). The target questionnaire population are women in managerial positions, and for the interviews are corporate decision-makers (top managers of selected organizations). The sample size for the survey is 30 (N=30), and for interviews 6 (N=6). The results of the study suggest that understanding of gender discrimination and building awareness of equal opportunities in the workplace encourages women to a greater participation in the labour market in Croatia, which contributes to the development of socio-economic equality between women and men.

Book, written in Slovene, discusses the legal content and scope of the concept of discriminatory harassment, which is deemed to be an unlawful discrimination under modern EU non-discrimination law, in the context of implementation of provisions of relevant EU directives in legal systems of the United Kingdom and Ireland. the two most important EU non-discrimination directives, adopted under Article 13 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (now Article 19 of the treaty on the Functioning of the European union) - Racial Equality Directive (Directive 2000/43/EC) and Employment Framework Directive (Directive 2000/78/EC) - explicity mention harassment as prohibited form of discrimination. Legal definitions contained in these two directives define harassment as discriminationdiscrimination itself. Prior to the transposition of the EU non-discrimination directives into their laws, while few member states tackled this issue either within the context of the law on equal treatment (e.g. Denmark, the United Kingdom and Ireland) or outside this context (e.g. France), that is in the framework of criminal, civil, health and safety or employment legislation. As a result of the implementation of relevant provisions of the two main non-discrimination directives (Directives 200/43/EC and 200/78/EC) a definition of harassment has been included in legislations of all EU member states. In most member states such legislative definition is a literal copy of the definition of harrasment that can be found in the Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC. The approach to the definition of harassment that appears to be the most "generous" from the perspective of victims of discriminatory harrasment is the one that was taken by British legislator. Such legal position in respect of the prohibition of discrimination has been developed in British case law and is based on the extensive interpretation of non-discrimination laws.

When it comes to ethics and fair play in sport, it mostly refers to training process and com-petition through respecting the game rules, opponents, organizers, managers and referees, through the implementation of standards related to means, equipment and kits used in com-petitions and avoidance and prevention from using illegal stimulants, i.e. doping.Th e following question arises: is the sports system itself in its core established fairly and mor-ally? Is there inequality and discrimination among certain sports associations, federations, clubs or athletes? Th is refers to the sports system in general, hierarchy of sports, i.e. federa-tions within the whole sports community in local and regional government and on national level and within international sports federations and presentation of those sports to a wider community through diff erent activities, programs and media coverage. We must not forget the economic side of sport as an activity which directly or indirectly ensures existence of a large number of people. Sports system is not fair and it is also often cruel. Discrimination can be seen through many factors: sports federations, media coverage of sports, division into "great" and "small" sports, Croatian Olympic Committee, money.Establishment of sports system based on those foundations results in reduced number of young athletes, use of illegal stimulants, more violence, bigger health problems of young population, their lack of sociality and communication. ; Pod pojmom morala, etike i ferpleja u sportu, obično se misli na provedbu trenažnog proce-sa i natjecanja kroz poštovanje pravila igre, suparnika, organizatora, voditelja i sudaca, kroz primjenu standarda korištenih sredstava, sprava i pribora koji se koriste u natjecanjima te izbjegavanje i sprječavanje upotrebe nedozvoljenih stimulativnih sredstava, odnosno dopinga. No, postavlja se pitanje je li sam sustav sporta u startu postavljen pravedno i moralno. Pojav-ljuje li se neravnopravnost i diskriminacija pojedinih sportskih asocijacija, saveza, klubova ili sportaša? Pri tome mislim uopće na sustav sporta, dakle organizaciju pojedinih sportova, od-nosno saveza unutar cjelokupne sportske zajednice jedinice lokalne ili područne samouprave i države, međunarodnih sportskih asocijacija te prezentaciju tih sportova široj društvenoj za-jednici. Također treba u obzir uzeti i ekonomsku stranu sporta, odnosno sport kao djelatnost kojom se direktno ili indirektno osigurava egzistencija velikog broja ljudi. Sustav sporta nije pravedan, a nerijetko je i okrutan. Diskriminacija se može vidjeti kroz čitav niz čimbenika: sportske saveze, medijsku pokrivenost sportova, podjelu na "velike" i "male" sportove, Hrvat-ski olimpijski odbor, politiku, Zakon o sportu, novac. Konstrukcija sustava sporta na takvim temeljima rezultira smanjenim brojem mladih sportaša, upotrebom nedozvoljenih stimulativ-nih sredstava, sve češćim nasiljem koje se povezuje sa sportom, odnosno većim zdravstvenim problemima mlađe populacije, njihovom asocijalnošću i nekomunikativnošću.

Sex discrimination against women; women's rights; Arab countries; education; economic, social and political conditions