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The Italian cities of the last centuries of the Middle Ages continued to witness – alongside a progressive crystallisation of the social hierarchies – the economic and social ascent of individuals belonging to the 'middle class'. These were homines novi who, without resorting to dynastic connections and often rejecting the associative model of the guilds, managed to build fortunes and dignity through trade, enterprise, the exploitation of the land, the solidarity of district and parish and the management of welfare. Emblematic of such careers is the figure of an economic agent originating from the rural district, Donato Ferrario da Pantigliate, who in 1429 founded in Milan a devotional and welfare institute, the Scuola della Divinità. The book reconstructs the social, economic and spiritual conduct of Donato, placing it within the urban context of Milan in the first half of the fifteenth century. - Le città italiane degli ultimi secoli del Medioevo videro ancora, accanto a un progressivo irrigidirsi delle gerarchie sociali, l'ascesa economica e sociale di individui appartenenti al 'ceto medio': homines novi che, senza ricorrere a legami di casata e spesso rifiutando il modello associazionistico delle corporazioni, riuscirono a costruirsi fortuna e dignità grazie al commercio, all'imprenditoria, allo sfruttamento della terra, alle solidarietà di quartiere e di parrocchia, alla gestione dell'assistenza. Emblematica di questi percorsi di affermazione è la figura di un operatore economico originario del contado, Donato Ferrario da Pantigliate, fondatore nel 1429 a Milano di un ente devozionale e assistenziale, la Scuola della Divinità, personaggio del quale si vanno qui a ricostruire i comportamenti sociali, economici e spirituali inserendoli nel contesto urbano milanese della prima metà del Quattrocento.

Letter from Col. Cándido Donato Padua to Gen. Alvaro Obregón enclosing the program of the Liberal Party reorganized in 1905 and asking him to correct it / Carta del Corl. Cándido Donato Padua al Gral. Alvaro Obregón adjuntándole el programa del Partido Liberal reorganizado en 1905, pidiéndole lo corrija.

Correspondence of Dr. Donato Moreno, Governor of Zacatecas, Mr. Abelardo Carrera, Personal Secretary of the Governor of Zacatecas, and Gen. Alvaro Obregón, in which Dr. Moreno informs Gen. Obregón that Gen. Justo de Avila is imprisoned and asks him to intercede to free him. Reply indicating that he is already dealing with his case. Congratulations to Gen. Obregón on his election victory. Dr. Donato Moreno informs of his inauguration as Governor of Zacatecas; informs that he has finished the matter of Mr. Aguilera; Dr. Moreno requests Gen. Obregón to meet up with him on his trip to Zacatecas. Reply informing that he has already stopped by and cannot meet up with him. Gen. Obregón asks Mr. C.C. Rochin, Super Intendent of the Railroads to grant every provision to the Governor of Zacatecas for the transfer of his family from Mexico City to Zacatecas; Dr. Moreno congratulates Gen. Obregón on his intervention in the House of Representatives where he dealt with the agrarian problem and the need to defend large estates to avoid an economic disaster; comments on the Agrarian Law of Zacatecas. Reply stating that he will read their draft on reforms of the aforementioned law. File M-60 / Correspondencia entre el Dr. Donato Moreno, Gobernador de Zacatecas, Sr. Abelardo Carrera, secretario particular del Gobernador de Zacatecas y el Gral. Alvaro Obregón, en la que el primero informa al Gral. Obregón que el Gral. Justo de Avila está preso y le pide interceda a fin de liberarlo. Respuesta indicando que ya procede en su caso. Felicitación al Gral. Obregón por su triunfo electoral. El Dr. Donato Moreno informa de su toma de posesión como Gobernador de Zacatecas; informa que se ha concluido el asunto del Sr. Aguilera; el Dr. Moreno solicita al Gral. Obregón poder saludarlo a su paso por Zacatecas. Respuesta indicando que ya ha pasado y que no pudo verle. El Gral. Obregón solicita al Sr. C.C. Rochin, Superintendente de los Ferrocarriles, que conceda todas las facilidades al Gobernador de Zacatecas para el traslado de su familia de la ciudad de México a Zacatecas; el Dr. Moreno felicita al Gral. Obregón por su intervención en la Cámara de Diputados donde trató el problema agrario y la necesidad de defender el latifundio para evitar un desastre económico; comenta sobre la Ley Agraria de Zacatecas. Respuesta indicando que leerá su proyecto de reformas de la citada ley. Exp. M-60

Letter from Col. Cándido Donato Padua to Gen. Alvaro Obregón, requesting to be paid the income owed to him for his services, as well as the income owed to some of his colleagues. Certificate issued by Dr. Luis Parra declaring that Col. Cándido Donato Padua is unable to work due to physical handicaps / Carta del Corl. Cándido Donato Padua al Gral. Alvaro Obregón, solicitando le sean pagados sus haberes por sus servicios junto con los de otros de sus compañeros. Certificado de incapacidad física para trabajar del Corl. Cándido Donato Padua, expedido por el Dr. Luis Parra.

Correspondence between Gen. Donato Bravo Izquierdo, Chief of Military Operations in Tepic, Nayarit and Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles. Greetings and military reports. Letter from Gen. Bravo Izquierdo, Head of the Department of Infantry of the Secretariat of War and Navy, to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles. He asks him to clarify the events before dismissing him. / Correpondencia entre el Gral. Donato Bravo Izquierdo, Jefe de Operaciones Militares en Tepic, Nay. y el Gral. PEC. Saludos e informes militares. Carta del Gral. Bravo Izquierdo, Jefe del Departamento de Infantería de la Secretaría de Guerra y Marina, al Gral. PEC pidiéndole que aclare los hechos antes de destituirlo del Departamento a su cargo.

Correspondence between Col. Cándido Donato Padua and Gen. Alvaro Obregón, in which the former expresses his affinity and endorsement of Gen. Obregón's presidential candidacy, he also compliments him on his MANIFESTO TO THE NATION; informs him that he is sending a pamphlet titled "Memories of Victoriano Huerta". Reply thanking him for his endorsements and the pamphlet. / Correspondencia entre el Corl. Cándido Donato Padua y el Gral. Alvaro Obregón, en la que el primero manifiesta al Gral. Obregón su adhesión y simpatía por su candidatura y lo felicita por su MANIFIESTO A LA NACION; informa estar enviándole un folleto intitulado "Memorias de Victoriano Huerta". Respuesta agradeciéndole su adhesión y el folleto.

Der Beitrag skizziert die staatswissenschaftliche Konzeption des florentinischen Exilrepublikaners D. Giannotti (1492-1573), eines institutionalistisch orientierten Verfassungstheoretikers aus dem Umkreis Machiavellis. Als Grundposition dieser Konzeption wird die Gewaltenteilung herausgestellt. In diesem Zusammenhang sollten die Grundentscheidungsgewalt und die Kontrolle über die Staatsordnung beim Volk liegen, während die Anstöße und Vorschläge für staatliches Handeln aus den Reihen einer durch Erfahrung und gesellschaftliche Position ausgewiesenen Elite zu erfolgen hätten. Als institutionelles Zwischenglied zwischen Grundentscheidung auf der einen und entscheidungsvorbereitenden, beratenden politischen Innovationen auf der anderen Seite wird der Rat oder Senat als Repräsentativsystem herausgestellt. Dessen besonderer Stellenwert begründet sich nicht zuletzt aus der Tatsache, daß nur eine Vermittlungsinstanz zwischen sehr allgemeinen, häufig nicht entscheidungsorientierten Vorstellungen des Volkes und der u. U. allzu stark an positionell bedingten Einzelinteressen orientierten Vorstellungen der Elite eine Ausrichtung des Staatshandelns an Gemeinwohlkritierien gewährleisten kann. Diese Mischung der Staatsformen zielt analytisch und staatspolitisch auf eine genaue "Bestimmung von differenziert und gestuft verteilten Kompetenzen und wechselseitiger Abhängigkeiten der Staatseinrichtungen". (MB)

"Publicada bajo los auspicios de la Comisión Nacional del Centenario." ; Mode of access: Internet.

Donato Manduzio was a Southern Italian peasant who only learned how to read and write in his early thirties, while convalescing in a military hospital during the First World War. Upon his return to San Nicandro Garganico, his reading of the Bible and the visions he experienced led him to believe that Judaism surpassed all other religions. As he was convinced that the Jewish people had disappeared from earth, he thought God had given him the mission of recreating His people. After chancing to discover the existence of organized Jewish communities in Italy, Manduzio set about obtaining an official conversion for himself and about seventy of his followers. This paper endeavors to shed light on the circumstances of this collective conversion and to elucidate its causes by examining its historical and sociological contexts.