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ABSTRAK KEBUTUHAN FISIOLOGI DAN FISIK PEMAIN SEPAKBOLA PADA POSISI GELANDANG" (Studi Persebaya dan Madura United). Nama : Peter Orlando NIM : 11060474206 Prodi : S-1 Jurusan : Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga Fakultas : Ilmu Olahraga Lembaga : Universitas Negeri Surabaya Pembimbing : Mochamad Purnomo, S.Pd., M.Kes Sepakbola adalah olahraga yang paling popular di belahan dunia ini yang mempunyai karakter dengan intensitas tinggi, reaksi jangka pendek dan ketahanan yang lama. Untuk sukses dalam sepakbola pemain butuh kombinasi yang optimal dari Teknik, taktik, dan karaktristik fisik, seta mental bertanding. Kondisi fisik adalah "satu kesatuan utuh dari komponen-komponen yang tidak dapat dipisahkan begitu saja, baik peningkatan maupun pemeliharaan". Artinya bahwa di dalam usaha peningkatan kondisi fisik maka seluruh komponen tersebut harus berkembang. Pemain tengah (midfielder) atau sering disebut pemain gelandang bertugas sebagai penghubung antara pemain belakang dan pemain depan. Dengan tugas seperti itu, pemain yang menepati posisi gelandang ini sangat vital dan berpengaruh terhadap irama permainan di lapangan. Pemain gelandang dituntut selalu bisa bermain dengan baik guna mendukung pertahanan ketika timnya sedang diserang, serta membantu penyerangan ketika timnya sedang melakukan serangan terhadap tim lawan. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian ex post facto dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis data sekunder.Analisis data sekunder merupakan Teknik pengumpulan data dan menganalisis isi data tersebut yang diperoleh dari instansi atau lembaga milik pemerintah maupun swasta. Metode penelitian pada Analisis data sekunder adalah tidak menggunakan manusia sebagai objek penelitian. Dimana dalam metode Analisis data sekunder adalah memanfaatkan data sekunder sebagai sumber data. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan pada pemain gelandang mengenai kebutuhan fisiologi dan fisik gelandang Persebaya dan Madura united , maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan yaitu: Daya ledak otot tungkai pemain gelandang dikategorikan baik, dengan rata-rata 130,22. Kekuatan otot bahu pemain gelandang dikategorikan cukup, dengan rata-rata 30,11. Kelincahan pemain gelandang dikategorikan sangat cukup, dengan rata-rata 27,89. Kecepatan reaksi audio pemain gelandang dikategorikan baik sekali, dengan rata rata 0,290. Kecepatan reaksi visual pemain gelandang dikategorikan baik sekali dengan rata-rata 0,274. Denyut nadi istirahat pemain gelandang dikategorikan baik sekali dengan rata rata 56,44. Vo2max pemain gelandang dikategorikan kurang dengan rata rata 46,6. Kata Kunci : analisis, fisiologi, kondisi fisik, gelandang ABSTRACT PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL NEEDS OF PLAYERS ON THE POSITION OF MIDFIELDER (Study Persebaya and Madura United) Name : Peter Orlando NIM : 11060474206 Prodi : S-1 Department : Sport Coaching Education Faculty : Sport Science Institution : Universitas Negeri Surabaya Counselor : Mochamad Purnomo, S.Pd., M.Kes Football is the most popular sport in this part of the world that has characters with high intensity, short-term reactions and long endurance. To be successful in football players need an optimal combination of techniques, tactics, and physical traits, mental setups. Physical condition is "a whole unity of components that can not be separated just like that, either upgrading or maintenance". This means that in an effort to improve the physical condition of all components must grow. Midfielder (midfielder) or often called the midfielder served as a liaison between the defender and the front players. With such a task, players who keep this midfield position is vital and influential to the rhythm of the game on the field. The midfielder is required to always be able to play well to support the defense when his team is being attacked, as well as to assist the attack when his team is attacking the opposing team. In this research using ex post facto research type using secondary data analysis approach. Secondary data analysis is a technique of data collection and analyze the contents of the data obtained from government or private institution or institution. The method of research on secondary data analysis is not using human as object of research. Where in method of Analysis of secondary data is utilize secondary data as data source. Based on the results of research that has been done on midfield players about the physiological and physical needs of midfielders Persebaya and Madura united, it can be drawn conclusions are: The muscle limb muscles of the midfielder players are categorized well, with an average of 130.22. The shoulder muscle strength of the midfielder player is categorized enough, with an average of 30.11. The agility of the midfielder players is categorized highly enough, with an average of 27.89. The midfielders audio reaction speed is categorized very well, with an average of 0.290. The speed of the midfielders visual reaction is categorized very well with an average of 0.274. The midfielders resting pulse rate is categorized well with an average of 56.44. Vo2max midfielder players are categorized less by 46.6 average. Keywords: analysis, physiology, physical condition, midfielder

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to consider the history and dark tourism attractions associated with a case study of the Thai-Burma Railway in the city of Kanchanaburi, Thailand. The paper considers how history has been abridged and distorted at a number of attraction sites in order to exploit the dark tourism commercial potential. The role of filmmedia is considered as a critical element of the site narrative and the reality of the tragic past of this place is discussed within the context of Thailand's role in the Second World War. Kanchanaburi, through the urban attractions that constitute the primary motivations for visitation, distorts and exploits its dark history for commercial and ideological purposes. Where accurate the Second World War interpretation was identified, it was maintained by balancing the requirements of national governments and institutions with acceptable levels of ambiguity and non-controversial perspectives on this urban location's dark past. Design/methodology/approach - The paper draws on literature, historical documents and tourism publications related to the Second World War and the incarceration and forced labour associated with the Thai-Burma Railway and the city of Kanchanaburi. Fieldwork incorporating tourist attraction and commemorative site visitation was undertaken in Northern Thailand in January 2017. Curators, managers, operators and tourist authorities were contacted in advance of the fieldwork by e-mail to request interviews. The sites identified were the primary sites visited by tourists, and no related Second World War site in the area was excluded. For those interviewed in relation to the subject area, a standard questionnaire based on a rolling database, relevant to particular sites was utilised. Interviews were taped and transcribed. Findings - The city of Kanchanaburi is defined by a heritage that has changed over time. Many factors imbue the meanings and content of place. This is a function of a plethora of competing Influences and agendas; political, economic, cultural, demographic and historical. Yet, this destination is defined by the dark history of the Second World War which is associated with this place. The visitor attraction sites considered in Kanchanaburi provide multiple narratives around the Second World War events. They offer a range of content driven by influences as diverse as simple commercial gain to the complex interaction of political, economic and ideological agendas (of. Gegner, 2012). In each case, the interpretation is used to articulate heritage through objects, artefacts, audio recording, place or imagery. These elements exist in environment(s) of their creation; the Second World War heritage of Kanchanaburi is developed in a nation that has only a partial and selective acceptance of its role in this conflict. The visitor attractions examined in this research and their content have all re-constructed and re-represented the past. Historical memorialization remains embedded in interests that are global, commercial, ideological but rarely neutral. The interpretation of the Thai-Burma Railway and the narrative of the many victims is associated with the construction merit respect, commemoration and consideration that is value free and not distorted by ideology or commercial imperatives. Practical implications - This paper provides a foundation for further consideration of how such contested dark heritage is viewed not least by visitors and users. Development of research in this area would provide a valuable source of data on: consumer profiles, motivations and orientation. Relating this data to nationality and origin would provide useful comparative data to that offered by operators and managers of key attractions. Furthermore, the prevalence of social and digital media as primary tourist information source could be measured against the continued (and possibly declining) importance of the filmic narrative. Furthermore, deeper evaluation of nature and content of interpretation is merited, given the range of approaches and content observed. At a political and policy level, the treatment of this part of Thai history and the degree of sensitivity around interpretation is linked to how a nation confronts its difficult past. More thorough evaluation of treatment in national media and education curriculum also merits review. Urban heritage is an important element of urban destination marketing and evaluation based around core themes of transparency, openness, respect for the past, and sensitive treatment of tragic events offer direction for application and evaluation in other urban contexts. Originality/value - This is the first time the heritage of this city has been considered in the context of dark tourism and the role of Thailand in the Second World War. It incorporates an analysis of all of the relevant attractions in the city and provides through the fieldwork conducted an original contribution to the tourism literature in this field. It draws on historical record, original documentation, interview analysis and tourism data. It provides further evidence of the dark tourism phenomena in a South East Asian context linked to a conflicted and selective appraisal of the past.

According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.

TITLE: The causes of death of children in French Guiana. Observational, retrospective study 2007-2016 deaths of children from 1 month to 15 years old in French Guiana.BACKGROUND: The mortality rate in the paediatric population under 15 years of age in French Guiana is the highest off allFrench departments. Identification of the causes of death allows to set up the ways of fight to reduce this mortality. The objective of this work is to describe the causes of death of children in French Guiana from 2007 to 2016.METHODS: Our observational, retrospective and multicenter study included the deaths of children from 1 month to 15 years old arisen in French Guiana from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2016. The sociodemographic data of the concerned children as well as the causes of death have been described.RESULTS: Four hundred and fiftynine deaths were identified. The sex ratio was 1.33 and the median age was 1.4 year [IQR: 0,4 – 5,5]. The deceased children resided mainly on the coastline, 22.7% [CI95%: 18,8 - 41,5]lived in the cities of the interior. Deaths occurred in a care structure for 63.2% of cases [CI95%: 58,8 - 67,6], at home for 19.8% of cases [CI95%: 16,2 - 23,5] and in a public place for 15.7% of cases [CI95%: 12,4 - 19,0]. Among these deaths 429 cases could be analysed concerning the cause of the death. For all ages the top three causes of death were: infectious diseases with 24.5% of cases [CI95%: 20,4 - 28,5], congenital pathologies for 16.1%[CI95%: 12,6 - 19,6] and drownings for 13.8%[CI95%: 10,5 - 17]. For age group from 1 month to 1 year and 1 year to 5 years the primary cause of death was infectious diseases with respectively 29.6% [CI95%: 23 - 36,1] and 27.3% [CI95%: 19,6 - 35,1] of cases of the age group. For the age group from 5 to 15 years the primary cause of death was drowning with 26.1% of cases of the age group [CI95%: 18,1 - 34,1]. Over-mortality in comparison with the metropolitan France was identified for almost all the causes of death. CONCLUSION: The causes of death of the paediatric population in French Guiana are varied and vary depending on the age of the child. The excess mortality described in relation to metropolitan France, requires efforts of improvement. Collaboration between the different sectors of health, the education and social politics is necessary to reduce the paediatric mortality of the department. ; INTRODUCTION : Le taux de mortalité de la population pédiatrique de moins de 15 ans en Guyane est le plus élevé de tous les départements français. La connaissance des causes de mortalité permet de mettre en place les moyens de lutte afin de réduire cette mortalité. L'objectif de ce travail est de décrire les causes de décès des enfants en Guyane de 2007 à 2016.MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES : Notre étude observationnelle, rétrospective et multicentrique a inclus les décès d'enfants de 1 mois à 15 ans survenus en Guyane du 1er janvier 2007 au 31 décembre 2016. Les données sociodémographiques des enfants concernés ainsi que les causes de décès ont été renseignées.RÉSULTATS : Quatre cent cinquante-neuf décès ont été recensés. Le sex ratio était de 1.33 et l'âge médian de 1.4 an [IIQ : 0,4 – 5,5]. Les enfants décédés résidaient principalement sur le littoral, 22,7% [IC95% : 18,8 - 41,5] habitaient dans les communes de l'intérieur. Les décès avaient eu lieu dans une structure de soins pour 63,2% des cas [IC95% : 58,8 - 67,6], à domicile pour 19,8% des cas [IC95% : 16,2 - 23,5] et dans un lieu public pour 15,7% des cas [IC95% : 12,4 - 19,0]. Parmi ces décès, 429 cas ont pu être analysés concernant la cause du décès. Tous âges confondus les trois premières causes de décès étaient : les pathologies infectieuses avec 24,5% des cas [IC95% : 20,4 - 28,5], les pathologies congénitales pour 16,1% [IC95% : 12,6 - 19,6] et les noyades pour 13,8% [IC95% : 10,5 - 17]. Pour les classes d'âge de 1 mois à 1 an et de 1 an à 5 ans, la première cause de décès était infectieuse avec respectivement 29,6% [IC95% : 23 - 36,1] et 27,3% [IC95% : 19,6 - 35,1] des cas de la classe d'âge. Pour la classe d'âge de 5 ans à 15 ans la première cause de décès était la noyade avec 26,1% des cas de la classe d'âge [IC95% : 18,1 - 34,1]. Une surmortalité en comparaison à la métropole était retrouvée pour la quasi-totalité des causes de décès.CONCLUSION : Les causes de mortalité de la population pédiatrique en Guyane sont diverses et variables selon l'âge de l'enfant. La surmortalité décrite par rapport à la France métropolitaine impose des efforts d'amélioration. Une collaboration entre les différents secteurs de la santé, de l'éducation et de la politique sociale est nécessaire afin de réduire la mortalité pédiatrique du département.

In both general humanitarian studies, as well as political studies, the concept of language has a large importance. However, considering any language could be stripped down to a (seemingly more basic) notion of code, actual studies of code as an important aspect of international political communication are scarce, despite it is rather obvious that they have much potential in terms of both practical use and theoretical dwelling. In specific case of this article (and, in wider sense, preceding research by authors) the problem to dwell upon is how such codes could be translated.Translations developed to a quite high level over thousands of years and now appear quickly and conveniently, of certain texts and in needed languages. Level of knowledge of the foreign languages among world's population is also progressing, as well. And yet, even in such conditions language barrier, whether it gets thicker or thinner at some places, diverse in its shapes and forms, remains. But there is an idea of a language which is understandable anywhere in the world: analogue of a text, in which at least some key elements would be understood by anyone, won't be lost in translation, no matter which language was it written in. As we mentioned, operating at a level of sub-text, it could be really more adequately referred to as a universal code, but within the practice of audiovisual media it is indeed often called a language.Audiovisual media, fixation of images on film or videotape and digital images as well is what we mostly talk about in this scientific work, because with civilization evolving we become more and more dependent on what was said in that language, spend more time not only searching for new ways, but developing old, as well. Audiovisual media, in that regard, is produced in almost every possible language, including fictional ones. Internet Movie Database (IMDb) divides languages which are specified as used in different listed audio-visual works into common languages and less-common languages, effectively avoiding the notion of non-common and emphasizing that regardless of how common language is, importance of it in the audiovisual media is entirely a decision of creators.Political studies are, to some point, is a glue, that bonds together different aspects of developing and classifies them accordingly to some wide-spread political doctrines. Knowing how such doctrines inspire certain concepts in the everyday life of the state, how they transform in society's conscience and eventually inspire nation-wide processes is what political studies should concentrate upon and that also might include inspiring the needed and very welcome change in what is known as technology-enhanced language learning (TELL). Studying universal code of audio-visual media in the contexts of International political communication should be taken into consideration in TELL and research thereof, as nowadays people tend to be much more politically involved with the use of Internet and social networks as instruments of political influence, discussion and education – wider then ever and yet also much more restricted then before. Correlation between audio-visual media and new media social platforms, such as Reddit seem to be overlooked and under-researched. Present-day learners are represented mostly by the members of the Facebook/YouTube generation which is more visually developed than whichever of the previous generations. For this generation, online communication via exchanging static and moving images is just as important as face-to-face interaction, often offering knowledge-exchange opportunities. Their expectations strongly influence the modern teaching style by demanding more and more visual aids (first of all films) especially in teaching foreign languages.For political studies in the international relations, audiovisual media, while not exactly being terra incognita, is a place of only a certain level familiarity, which could and should be enriched by further research, as security of the situation pretty much depends on intricate processes of international communication witnessed in a conglomerate of social media and audiovisual media. Already, a situation of hybrid war forming within our own country dictates the need of closer filtration of information provided to us through the social networks, which nowadays, primarily, tend to use audiovisual format to stay fast and relevant. Relevancy of audiovisual media, its whole survival through the years and even decades (centuries are certainly out of question as audiovisual media is much younger then printed one) depended on being fluid, adaptive and developing a very transformative and unique system of approaching the unsuspecting audience from every corner. That resulted in supposed simple entertainment becoming not just one, but several multibillion industries, which intervene in unexpected way when it comes to presenting actual events and then distorting the accounts in latter, fictionalized attempts. ; У статті розглянуто окремий випадок аудіовізуального медіа у зростаючому сегменті політичної науки, який вивчає міжнародну політичну комунікацію. Спеціальна увага приділяється такому інструменту комунікації, як коди та їх універсальність, включно з вивченням інтерпретацій аудіовізуального медіа в контексті політичної комунікації.

BACKGROUND: Medulloblastoma is associated with rare hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes; however, consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes have not been defined and screening guidelines for genetic counselling and testing for paediatric patients are not available. We aimed to assess and define these genes to provide evidence for future screening guidelines. METHODS: In this international, multicentre study, we analysed patients with medulloblastoma from retrospective cohorts (International Cancer Genome Consortium [ICGC] PedBrain, Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium [MAGIC], and the CEFALO series) and from prospective cohorts from four clinical studies (SJMB03, SJMB12, SJYC07, and I-HIT-MED). Whole-genome sequences and exome sequences from blood and tumour samples were analysed for rare damaging germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. DNA methylation profiling was done to determine consensus molecular subgroups: WNT (MBWNT), SHH (MBSHH), group 3 (MBGroup3), and group 4 (MBGroup4). Medulloblastoma predisposition genes were predicted on the basis of rare variant burden tests against controls without a cancer diagnosis from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Previously defined somatic mutational signatures were used to further classify medulloblastoma genomes into two groups, a clock-like group (signatures 1 and 5) and a homologous recombination repair deficiency-like group (signatures 3 and 8), and chromothripsis was investigated using previously established criteria. Progression-free survival and overall survival were modelled for patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma. FINDINGS: We included a total of 1022 patients with medulloblastoma from the retrospective cohorts (n=673) and the four prospective studies (n=349), from whom blood samples (n=1022) and tumour samples (n=800) were analysed for germline mutations in 110 cancer predisposition genes. In our rare variant burden analysis, we compared these against 53 105 sequenced controls from ExAC and identified APC, BRCA2, PALB2, PTCH1, SUFU, and TP53 as consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes according to our rare variant burden analysis and estimated that germline mutations accounted for 6% of medulloblastoma diagnoses in the retrospective cohort. The prevalence of genetic predispositions differed between molecular subgroups in the retrospective cohort and was highest for patients in the MBSHH subgroup (20% in the retrospective cohort). These estimates were replicated in the prospective clinical cohort (germline mutations accounted for 5% of medulloblastoma diagnoses, with the highest prevalence [14%] in the MBSHH subgroup). Patients with germline APC mutations developed MBWNT and accounted for most (five [71%] of seven) cases of MBWNT that had no somatic CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations. Patients with germline mutations in SUFU and PTCH1 mostly developed infant MBSHH. Germline TP53 mutations presented only in childhood patients in the MBSHH subgroup and explained more than half (eight [57%] of 14) of all chromothripsis events in this subgroup. Germline mutations in PALB2 and BRCA2 were observed across the MBSHH, MBGroup3, and MBGroup4 molecular subgroups and were associated with mutational signatures typical of homologous recombination repair deficiency. In patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma, 5-year progression-free survival was 52% (95% CI 40-69) and 5-year overall survival was 65% (95% CI 52-81); these survival estimates differed significantly across patients with germline mutations in different medulloblastoma predisposition genes. INTERPRETATION: Genetic counselling and testing should be used as a standard-of-care procedure in patients with MBWNT and MBSHH because these patients have the highest prevalence of damaging germline mutations in known cancer predisposition genes. We propose criteria for routine genetic screening for patients with medulloblastoma based on clinical and molecular tumour characteristics. FUNDING: German Cancer Aid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Childhood Cancer Foundation (Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung); European Research Council; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Institutes for Health Research; German Cancer Research Center; St Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center; American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities; Swiss National Science Foundation; European Molecular Biology Organization; Cancer Research UK; Hertie Foundation; Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust; V Foundation for Cancer Research; Sontag Foundation; Musicians Against Childhood Cancer; BC Cancer Foundation; Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority; Danish Strategic Research Council; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication; Masaryk University; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Research Council of Norway; Genome Canada; Genome BC; Terry Fox Research Institute; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; The Family of Kathleen Lorette and the Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre; Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation; The Hospital for Sick Children: Sonia and Arthur Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Chief of Research Fund, Cancer Genetics Program, Garron Family Cancer Centre, MDT's Garron Family Endowment; BC Childhood Cancer Parents Association; Cure Search Foundation; Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation; Brainchild; and the Government of Ontario.

Васищев В. Дослідження соціально-психологічних детермінант адиктивної поведінки військовослужбовців як засіб професійного становлення майбутніх офіцерів / В. Васищев // Ukrainian professional education = Українська професійна освіта : науковий журнал / Полтав. нац. пед. ун-т імені В. Г. Короленка. – Полтава, 2018. – Вип. 3. – С. 101-110. ; У статті з'ясовано актуальне завдання забезпечення діяльності з підвищення рівня морально-психологічного стану особового складу та передбачення тих відхилень у поведінці, які істотно впливають на особистісний і професійний розвиток військовослужбовців Національної гвардії України (НГУ). Порушено проблему необхідності забезпечення курсантів (майбутніх офіцерів НГУ) методиками визначення й попередження негативних залежностей. Висвітлено практичний досвід роботи автора з курсантами Національної академії НГУ. Розкрито сутність понять «адиктивна поведінка військовослужбовця» та «соціально-психологічні детермінанти адиктивної поведінки» як основи для підготовки майбутніх офіцерів НГУ до більш обґрунтованої диференціації соціально-психологічної допомоги військовослужбовцям, які демонструють адиктивні вияви. Як результат теоретичного пошуку доведено, що під адиктивною поведінкою розуміють особливий тип (форму) деструктивної поведінки, яка виражається у прагненні відходу від реальності за допомогою спеціальної зміни свого психічного стану адиктивними агентами, до яких відносять алкоголь, тютюн, наркотики, лікарські препарати, токсичні речовини, азартні ігри, комп'ютерне спілкування, секс, об'їдання або голодування, трудоголізм, тривале прослуховування ритмічної музики чи переглядання телевізора, політика, релігія, сектантство, великий спорт, хворобливе захоплення літературою тощо. Під соціально-психологічними детермінантами адиктивної поведінки потрактовано визначальні індивідуальні та соціальні чинники, які обумовлюють виникнення проявів адикцій (залежностей) особистості і надають їм певної динаміки. До індивідуально-особистісних чинників віднесено: типологічні особливості нервової системи людини; властивості темпераменту, які впливають у подальшому на індивідуальний стиль поведінки особистості; типи характеру (як умовна норма, стан загострення або основа розладів чи психопатій особистості); якості особистості, що змінюються впродовж життя та мають тенденцію до зміни ціннісної спрямованості. До провідних соціальних детермінант віднесено сімейні стосунки; з'ясовано, що існує тісний зв'язок між поведінкою батьків і майбутньою залежною поведінкою їхніх дітей (явища алекситимії, неефективної сепарації, негативний приклад батьків тощо). Оскільки в практичному компоненті дослідження (опитано 27 курсантів 2-го курсу навчання) з'ясовано прогалини в знаннях майбутніх офіцерів, то обґрунтовано необхідність професійно готувати військових фахівців до розпізнавання явищ адикції на індивідуальному і колективному (груповому) рівнях, вчити їх визначати адиктивний потенціал, під яким тлумачать специфічні індивідуальні передумови можливої адиктивної самореалізації кожного військовослужбовця. ; The article clarifies the acute task of providing activities for raising the level of the moral and psychological state of personnel and foreseeing those deviations in behavior that significantly affect the personal and professional development of servicemen of the National Guard of Ukraine (NGU). The problem of the necessity of providing cadets (future officers of NGU) to methods of determination and prevention of negative dependencies has been violated. The practical experience of work of the author with cadets of the National Academy of NGU is described. The essence of the concepts of "addictive behavior of a serviceman" and "socio-psychological determinants of addictive behavior" is revealed as a basis for preparing future officers of the NGU for a more substantiated differentiation of social and psychological assistance to servicemen who show addictive manifestations. As a result of the theoretical search, it is proved that under addictive behavior one understands the special type (form) of destructive behavior, which is expressed in the quest for departure from reality by means of a special change in their psychic state by addictive agents, which include alcohol, tobacco, drugs, drugs, toxic substances , gambling, computer communication, sex, dining or fasting, workaholism, prolonged listening to rhythmic music or TV viewing, politics, religion, sectarianism, great mood Hurt, a painful passion for literature, and so on. Under the socio-psychological determinants of addictive behavior, the determinants of individual and social factors that determine the appearance of manifestations of addiction (dependences) of a person and give them a certain dynamics are studied. Individual-personal factors include: typological features of the human nervous system; the properties of temperament, which influence later on the individual style of personality behavior; Types of character (as a conditional norm, a state of exacerbation or the basis of disorders or psychopaths of the individual); the quality of personality that changes throughout life and tends to change the value orientation. The leading social determinants include family relationships; It was found out that there is a close relationship between the behavior of parents and the future dependent behavior of their children (the phenomena of Alexithymia, ineffective separation, negative parenting, etc.). Since the practical component of the study (27 cadets of the 2nd year of study) polled gaps in the knowledge of future officers, the necessity to professionally train military experts to identify the phenomena of adition on the individual and collective (group) levels, to teach them to identify additive potential, which explains the specific individual preconditions for the possible addictive self-realization of each serviceman.

Es evidente el incremento del uso de Internet en nuestro país principalmente en las escuelas y hogares de las grandes ciudades, situación que no es la misma en áreas rura-les, en donde el acceso a la red ha mejorado en los últimos años, pero que sigue siendo bajo. Actualmente se utiliza la web como un medio de enseñanza mediante el cual los alumnos adquieren nuevos conocimientos a través de los contenidos audiovisuales que se encuentran. En los lugares en donde la implantación de Internet ha sido escasa, se deben buscar formas alternativas de poder llegar a tener un escenario parecido al que se logra mediante el uso de esta tecnología. Dentro del contexto mencionado anteriormente y aprovechando la futura imple-mentación de la Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT) en el Ecuador, se ha visto la posibi-lidad de que mediante esta tecnología, la población principalmente de zonas alejadas de la ciudad pueda adquirir nuevos conocimientos. La propuesta que se plantea supone mediante la utilización de la TV Digital la persona aprenda sobre un tema de su interés y posteriormente responda a un cuestionario con ciertas preguntas, que serán enviadas por broadcast y las respuestas, en cambio, utilizarían la tecnología USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data o Servicio Suplementario de Datos no Estructura-dos) como canal de retorno, la ventaja de esta tecnología, es de no requerir el uso de Internet para la transmisión de información, pudiendo trabajar con normalidad en una red móvil GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications o Sistema Global para los Comunicaciones Móviles). El aporte del presente trabajo es generar una nueva opción para llevar conocimiento a zonas distantes, sin la utilización de una conexión a Internet, en donde sus poblado-res tengan la posibilidad de recibir una mejor enseñanza aprovechando los recursos tecnológicos actuales y futuros. Para llevar a cabo esta propuesta, se utilizó la investigación cualitativa, mediante la cual se analizó la documentación existente sobre los temas: TV Digital, t-learning y USSD y en base a esto, se generó una propuesta de arquitectura la cual utiliza las tecnologías anteriormente nombradas. Además fue necesario verificar la factibilidad del uso de la tecnología USSD, examinando principalmente los costos generados, los mismos que podrían ser subvencionados por el estado ; The increase in Internet use in our country is evident mainly in schools and homes in large cities, a situation that is not the same in rural areas, where access to the net-work has improved in recent years, where access to the network has improved in re-cent years, but it is still low. The web, is now being used as a means of learning by which students acquire new knowledge through audiovisual content that is found. In places where Internet implementation has been insufficient, where Internet adoption has been low, it is necessary to look for alternative ways to get to having a scenario similar to that achieved through the use of this technology. In this context mentioned above and taking advantage of the future implementation of the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) in Ecuador, has seen the possibility of using this technology, the population mostly in remote areas of the city is able to acquire new knowledge. This work implies through the use of Digital TV the person learn about a topic of their interest and subsequently respond to a questionnaire with certain ques-tions, which will be sent by broadcast, and the answers, instead, they would use the technology USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data or Supplemental Service for unstructured Data ) as the return channel. This technology has the advantage of not requiring the use of the Internet, being able to work normally on a mobile network GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, or Global System for Mobile Com-munications). The contribution of this work is to generate a new option to bring knowledge to remote areas, without the use of a connection to the Internet, where its inhabitants have the possibility to receive a better education by means of technology resources current and futures. In order to achieve the goals of this work, qualitative research was used, by means of which the existing papers were analyzed on the topics: digital terrestrial television, t- learning and USSD, and based on this, generated an architecture propose which uses the technologies named previously. Also it was necessary to verify the practicality of the use USSD technology, examining principally the generated costs, the same ones that might to be subsidized by the Ecuadorian government ; Magíster en Gestión Estratégica de Tecnologías de Información ; Cuenca

BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma is associated with rare hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes; however, consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes have not been defined and screening guidelines for genetic counselling and testing for paediatric patients are not available. We aimed to assess and define these genes to provide evidence for future screening guidelines. METHODS In this international, multicentre study, we analysed patients with medulloblastoma from retrospective cohorts (International Cancer Genome Consortium [ICGC] PedBrain, Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium [MAGIC], and the CEFALO series) and from prospective cohorts from four clinical studies (SJMB03, SJMB12, SJYC07, and I-HIT-MED). Whole-genome sequences and exome sequences from blood and tumour samples were analysed for rare damaging germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. DNA methylation profiling was done to determine consensus molecular subgroups: WNT (MB), SHH (MB), group 3 (MB), and group 4 (MB). Medulloblastoma predisposition genes were predicted on the basis of rare variant burden tests against controls without a cancer diagnosis from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Previously defined somatic mutational signatures were used to further classify medulloblastoma genomes into two groups, a clock-like group (signatures 1 and 5) and a homologous recombination repair deficiency-like group (signatures 3 and 8), and chromothripsis was investigated using previously established criteria. Progression-free survival and overall survival were modelled for patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma. FINDINGS We included a total of 1022 patients with medulloblastoma from the retrospective cohorts (n=673) and the four prospective studies (n=349), from whom blood samples (n=1022) and tumour samples (n=800) were analysed for germline mutations in 110 cancer predisposition genes. In our rare variant burden analysis, we compared these against 53 105 sequenced controls from ExAC and identified APC, BRCA2, PALB2, PTCH1, SUFU, and TP53 as consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes according to our rare variant burden analysis and estimated that germline mutations accounted for 6% of medulloblastoma diagnoses in the retrospective cohort. The prevalence of genetic predispositions differed between molecular subgroups in the retrospective cohort and was highest for patients in the MB subgroup (20% in the retrospective cohort). These estimates were replicated in the prospective clinical cohort (germline mutations accounted for 5% of medulloblastoma diagnoses, with the highest prevalence [14%] in the MB subgroup). Patients with germline APC mutations developed MB and accounted for most (five [71%] of seven) cases of MB that had no somatic CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations. Patients with germline mutations in SUFU and PTCH1 mostly developed infant MB. Germline TP53 mutations presented only in childhood patients in the MB subgroup and explained more than half (eight [57%] of 14) of all chromothripsis events in this subgroup. Germline mutations in PALB2 and BRCA2 were observed across the MB, MB, and MB molecular subgroups and were associated with mutational signatures typical of homologous recombination repair deficiency. In patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma, 5-year progression-free survival was 52% (95% CI 40-69) and 5-year overall survival was 65% (95% CI 52-81); these survival estimates differed significantly across patients with germline mutations in different medulloblastoma predisposition genes. INTERPRETATION Genetic counselling and testing should be used as a standard-of-care procedure in patients with MB and MB because these patients have the highest prevalence of damaging germline mutations in known cancer predisposition genes. We propose criteria for routine genetic screening for patients with medulloblastoma based on clinical and molecular tumour characteristics. FUNDING German Cancer Aid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Childhood Cancer Foundation (Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung); European Research Council; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Institutes for Health Research; German Cancer Research Center; St Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center; American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities; Swiss National Science Foundation; European Molecular Biology Organization; Cancer Research UK; Hertie Foundation; Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust; V Foundation for Cancer Research; Sontag Foundation; Musicians Against Childhood Cancer; BC Cancer Foundation; Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority; Danish Strategic Research Council; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication; Masaryk University; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Research Council of Norway; Genome Canada; Genome BC; Terry Fox Research Institute; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; The Family of Kathleen Lorette and the Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre; Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation; The Hospital for Sick Children: Sonia and Arthur Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Chief of Research Fund, Cancer Genetics Program, Garron Family Cancer Centre, MDT's Garron Family Endowment; BC Childhood Cancer Parents Association; Cure Search Foundation; Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation; Brainchild; and the Government of Ontario.

This PhD thesis gives a numerical illustration of how a carbon tax affects South African GDP, employment, CO2 emissions and socio-economic inequality. It uses a "hybrid" computable general equilibrium model of an open economy in a one-step projection from 2005 to 2035. It models second-best economies, notably skill-related rigidities in the labour market and in production of electricity. Seven scenarios for recycling of carbon tax revenue are analysed, plus an option to invest a part of tax revenue in improvement of skills of labour.The analysis shows that under conventional assumptions about technological change, a carbon tax of around 100 ZAR2005 (18 USD2013) per tonne of CO2 will have little negative consequences for GDP and employment, when combined with the right type of tax revenue recycling: Labour subsidies and company profit tax reduction likely lead to the best macro-economic outcomes, though do not reduce inequality. Additional measures are needed to reduce "energy poverty". To achieve South Africa's NDC of the Paris Agreement, a carbon tax rate of around 300 ZAR2005 or 55 USD2013 per tonne of CO2 is necessary. However, this could have serious impacts on GDP growth. Also, without a change in the trend of increasing labour productivity, such lower GDP will lead to higher unemployment than in the reference case. An investment in skills of 7.5 billion ZAR2005 of annual Ctax revenue, with the objective of increasing access to high quality education and reducing the high skill labour shortage, if fond to have a very positive impact on GDP growth. However better calibration data is required.The findings of this PhD thesis furthermore call for thorough examination of what type of technological change could be expected for South Africa. Technological progress, consumer preferences and international circumstances limit the economy's capacity to restructure and decarbonise and therefore to reduce negative consequences of carbon taxation for GDP growth. Proper assessment of future technological change is relevant for all sectors and inputs. Examples are given which show that energy and materials efficiency have an important role for future GDP growth under carbon constraints, because they determine the economy's flexibility to reduce energy consumption and to substitute it, e.g. by labour. This finding normally holds not only for South Africa, but also for the rest of the world. These results also imply that international climate policy has to address technology transfer and the different potentials of national economies to decarbonise seriously. ; Cette thèse fournit une illustration numérique de la façon dont une taxe carbone pourrait affecter le PIB, l'emploi, les émissions de CO2 et les inégalités socio-économiques en Afrique du Sud. Elle utilise un modèle d'équilibre général calculable « hybride » en économie ouverte par projection en un seul pas de temps de 2005 à 2035. Le modèle représente des économies de second rang, notamment des rigidités sur le marché du travail liées aux niveaux de qualification et dans la production électrique. Sept scénarios basés sur des modalités différentes de recyclage de la taxe carbone sont analysés, plus une option d'investir une partie des revenus de la taxe dans l'amélioration des qualifications de la force de travail.L'analyse montre que sous hypothèse standard de changement technique, une taxe carbone de 100 ZAR par tonne de CO2 environ a peu d'impact négatif sur le PIB et l'emploi lorsqu'elle est associée à un mode de recyclage des revenus approprié : subventionner le facteur travail et réduire les taxes sur les profits des entreprises pourrait conduire aux meilleurs résultats macroéconomiques, mais ne réduit pas les inégalités. Des mesures supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour réduire la « pauvreté énergétique ». Pour atteindre le NDC d'Afrique du Sud au titre de l'Accord de Paris, un taux de taxe d'environ 300 ZAR ou 55 dollars par tonne de CO2 serait nécessaire. Toutefois, un tel taux pourrait avoir un impact significatif sur la croissance du PIB. En même temps, sans changement de la tendance de croissance de la productivité du travail, ce PIB plus faible conduirait à un chômage plus élevé que dans le cas de référence. Une politique d'investissement de 7.5 milliards de ZAR de revenus carbone dans les qualifications de la main d'œuvre, avec l'objectif d'augmenter l'accès à la formation de haut niveau et de réduire le manque de salariés très qualifiés, pourrait avoir un effet très positif sur la croissance du PIB.Le progrès technologique, les préférences des consommateurs et le contexte international, limitent la capacité de l'économie à se restructurer et se décarboner et incidemment à réduire les impacts négatifs de la taxe carbone sur la croissance du PIB. Une véritable évaluation du changement technologique futur serait pertinente pour tous les secteurs et facteurs de production. Ces résultats impliquent aussi que la politique climatique internationale doit traiter la question des transferts de technologie et celles des potentiels différents de décarbonation sérieuse à l'échelle nationale.

The basis for food production is agriculture. Agricultural land use cover about 40% of the land surface and agrocenosis be regarded as the most modern land biome. Ecosystem services - these are the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems and the species they are, and provide support life. The established four categories of ecosystem services: Support (Supporting services) - necessary for the performance of all other ecosystem services (soil formation, nutrient cycling, primary productivity); those for (Provisioning services) - products that can be obtained from ecosystems (food, water, and genetic resources); regulatory (Regulating services) - the regulation of climate, decomposition of pollutants, control of pests and diseases, pollination; Cultural (Cultural services) - intangible benefits that people receive from nature (recreation and ecotourism, education etc.). According to the EU Biodiversity Strategy (Goal 2, Action 5) ecosystems and ecosystem services of the member states of the European Union should be identified and marked Cartographically (The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020). The economic value of ecosystem services should also be established and the integration of such assessments should be considered both at EU and at national level. According to the EU Biodiversity Strategy (Goal 2, Action 5) ecosystems and ecosystem services of the member states of the European Union should be identified and marked Cartographically (The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020). The economic value of ecosystem services should also be established and the integration of such assessments should be considered both at EU and at national level. According to the EU Biodiversity Strategy (Goal 2, Action 5) ecosystems and ecosystem services of the member states of the European Union should be identified and marked Cartographically (The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020). The economic value of ecosystem services should also be established and the integration of such assessments should be considered both at EU and at national level.Our working hypothesis is that phytoindication assessments of the environmental regimes may be obtained from the study of plant communities formed on tehnosol may be markers of activity of ecosystem services. The aim of our work show the possibility of regulatory indicators for ecosystem services using man-made tehnosol by means of phytoindication estimates of the termoclimate, continentality, crioclimate and obmroclimate.The field studies were conducted during the 2008-2017 biennium. Bioecological research station in the Dnieper agro-economic University (Pokrov city, Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukraine). Polygons incorporated within tehnosols four types: pedozem, sod-lithogenic soils on losses-like loam, gray-green clay and red-brown clay. Found that embriozems surface receives more solar radiation than the surface of the sod-lithogenic soil surface and the last gets more heat than pedozems. More dense vegetation that is able to develop more fertile soil, creates a distinct effect shielding. During soil forming processes phytoindicator evaluation of the radiation balance are falling and asymptotically approaching to a stationary level. Ombroclimate of the embriozems can be described as such, contributes with mezoarydophytes and ombroclimate of the sod lithogenic soils and pedozems promotes subarydophytes. Stabilization of the ombroclimate condition is stable operation of man-made soil ecosystem. Obtained evidence that during soil forming processes the estimates of the continentality indicate decrease contrast micro-climatic conditions. For groups of vegetation, which are formed on different technosol types mounted simultaneous dynamics of continental character.Keywords: ecosystem services, reclamation, phytoindication, termoclimate, ombroclimate, crioclimate, continentality ; У роботі показана можливість індикації регуляторних екосистемних сервісів протягом техногенного ґрунтогенезу за допомогою фітоіндикаційних оцінок термоклімату, континентальності, кріоклімату та обмроклімату. Польові дослідження проводились протягом 2008–2017 рр. у дослідній біоекологічній станції Дніпровського аграрно-економічного університету (м. Покров, Дніпропетровська область, Україна). Полігони закладені у межах чотирьох типів техноземів: педоземи, дерново-літогенні ґрунти на лесоподібних суглинках, сіро-зелених глинах та червоно-бурих глинах. Встановлено, що поверхня ембріоземів одержує більшу кількість сонячної радіації, ніж поверхня дерново-літогенних ґрунтів, а поверхня останніх одержує більше тепла, ніж педоземи. Більш щільний рослинний покрив, який здатний розвиватися на все більш родючому ґрунті, створює більш виразний ефект екранування. Протягом ґрунтогенезу фітоіндикаційні оцінки радіаційного балансу знижуються та асимптотично наближаються до стаціонарних рівнів. Омброклімат ембріоземів можна охарактеризувати як такий, зо сприяє мезоаридофітам, а омброклімат дерново-літогенних ґрунтів та педоземів сприяє субаридофітам. Стабілізація омброрежиму є умовою стійкого функціонування техногенної ґрунтової екосистеми. Одержані свідчення, що протягом ґрунтогенезу фітоіндикаційні оцінки континентальності вказують на зменшення контрастності мікрокліматичних умов. Для угруповань рослинності, які сформовані на різних типах техноземів, встановлений синхронний характер динаміки показників континентальності. Протягом періоду ґрунтогенезу на техноземах формуються рослинні угруповання, які певною мірою приходять у відповідність з умовами навколишнього кліматичного оточення. Це проявляє себе у тому, що фітоіндикаційні оцінки кріоклімату досить чітко відповідають вимірюванням за допомогою метеорологічних приладів.Ключові слова: екосистемні сервіси, рекультивація, фітоіндикація, термоклімат, омброклімат, кріоклімат, континентальність

Предметом дослідження в статті є комерціалізація науково-технічних розробок в Україні на основі закладів вищої освіти. Мета роботи полягає у розробленні систематизованого підходу до процесів комерціалізації науково-технічних розробок в університетах. Завданнями статті є визначення організаційно-економічних механізмів комерціалізації науково-технічних розробок в університетах, що потребує наступного аналізу особливостей розвитку інноваційної інфраструктури у розвинутих країнах, визначенні негативних чинників впливу на формування національної інноваційної інфраструктури, встановити взаємозв'язки інноваційної інфраструктури та механізмів комерціалізації науково-технічних розробок в університетах, встановленні системи принципів ефективної комерціалізації науково-технічних розробок в університетах. В роботі отримано наступні результати. В роботі показано, що реалізація механізмів комерціалізації суттєво залежить від розвиненості інноваційної інфраструктури, проаналізовані її складові. Адже процес комерціалізації науково-технічних розробок залежить від організування ефективних інформаційних потоків, конфігурація і швидкість яких визначається потужністю комунікаційних каналів, адаптивністю оброблення інформації структурними елементами задіяних учасників-організацій, впливом зовнішнього середовища. Проаналізовано особливості розвитку інноваційної інфраструктури в розвинутих країнах та Україні. Розглянуто основні складові інформаційної інфраструктури. Визначено основні чинники, що характеризують ефективність розвитку інноваційної інфраструктури. Наведено класифікацію принципів підтримання процесів комерціалізації науково-технічних розробок як на макро-, так і на мікро- рівнях. Висновки: загалом ефективність комерціалізації науково-технічних розробок залежить як від розвиненості національної інноваційної інфраструктури, так і її внутрішнього сегменту. Активізація діяльності університетів надасть їм змогу ефективно формувати систему налагоджених і оперативних зв'язків науки, освіти, бізнесу і органів влади в цілому. ; Предметом исследования в статье является коммерциализация научно-технических разработок в Украине на основе заведений высшего образования. Цель работы заключается в разработке систематизированного подхода к процессам коммерциализации научно-технических разработок в университетах. Целями статьи являются определение организационно-экономических механизмов коммерциализации научно-технических разработок в университетах, что требует последующего анализа особенностей развития инновационной инфраструктуры в развитых странах, определения негативных факторов влияния на формирование национальной инновационной инфраструктуры, определения взаимосвязи инновационной инфраструктуры и механизмов коммерциализации научно-технических разработок в университетах, установления системы принципов эффективной коммерциализации научно-технических разработок в университетах. В работе получены следующие результаты. В работе показано, что реализация механизмов коммерциализации существенно зависит от развитости инновационной инфраструктуры, проанализированы ее составляющие. Ведь процесс коммерциализации научно-технических разработок зависит от организации эффективных информационных потоков, конфигурация и скорость которых определяется мощностью коммуникационных каналов, адаптивностью обрабатывания информации структурными элементами задействованных участников-организаций, влиянием внешней среды. Проанализированы особенности развития инновационной инфраструктуры в развитых странах и Украине. Рассмотрены основные составляющие информационной инфраструктуры. Определены основные факторы, которые характеризуют эффективность развития инновационной инфраструктуры. Приведена классификация принципов поддержания процессов коммерциализации научно-технических разработок как на макро-, так и на микро- уровнях. Выводы: в целом эффективность коммерциализации научно-технических разработок зависит как от развитости национальной инновационной инфраструктуры, так и ее внутреннего сегмента. Активизация деятельности университетов предоставит им возможность эффективно формировать систему налаженных и оперативных связей науки, образования, бизнеса и органов власти в целом. ; The subject matter of the article is the commercialization of scientific and technical developments in Ukrainian universities. The goal of the work is to develop the systematic approach to the processes of commercialization of scientific and technical developments in universities. The tasks of the study are to determine the organizational and economic mechanisms for the commercialization of scientific and technical developments in universities, which requires that the specifics of the innovative infrastructure in developed countries should be analyzed, negative factors that affect the development of the national innovation infrastructure should be specified, the relationship between the innovative infrastructure and the mechanisms for the commercialization of scientific and technological developments in universities should be determined, the system of principles for effective commercialization of scientific and technical developments at universities should be established. The following results are obtained. The paper shows that the implementation of the mechanisms of commercialization essentially depends on the development of the innovative infrastructure, its components are analyzed. The process of commercialization of scientific and technical developments depends on effective information flows, whose configuration and speed are determined by the capacity of communication channels, by the adaptability of data processed by the structural elements of organizations that participate in the process, by the impact of the external environment. The features of the development of innovative infrastructure in developed countries and in Ukraine are analyzed. The main components of the information infrastructure are considered. The main factors that characterize the effectiveness of the development of the innovation infrastructure are identified. The principles for supporting the processes of commercialization of scientific and technical developments at both macro- and micro- levels are classified. Conclusions. In general, the effectiveness of the commercialization of scientific and technological developments depends both on the development of the national innovation infrastructure and on its internal segment. The intensification of university activities enables developing the system of well-coordinated and operational links of science, education, business and government in general.

Встановлення того, що реально існуючий політичний порядок неконгруентний до інституціональної складової політичної системи, порушує перед нами питання про те, завдяки чому підтримується його функціонування. Ця проблема є актуальною тому, що неформальність такого порядку в цьому випадку тяжіє скоріше до напівлегальної основи санкціонування, аніж до ціннісно-символічної складової буття. Можливо припустити, що одним із механізмів утвердження позаінституціонального політичного порядку є його самопідтримання через використання акторами політики специфічних практик взаємодії. Комунікативні практики, серед інших, мають визначальний вплив на вказані процеси, оскільки їх відкрита і раціональна реалізація дозволяє вийти на рівень обговорення правил організації владних відносин.Обґрунтовується, що у політичних системах, які трансформуються, вказана вихідна неконгруентність може бути усталена внаслідок викривлення змістовної сутності комунікації при застосуванні маніпулятивних технологій (в тому числі через систему освіти). На нашу думку, це є однією з передумов виникнення гібридних політичних режимів, у яких навмисне стимульоване співіснування формального (правового) і дієвого продукує невизначеність та є її результатом водночас. За подібних обставин індивідами застосовуються специфічні практики комунікації (наприклад, парадіалог), що сприяють відтворенню політичного порядку, яким вони були сконструйовані чи адаптовані в суспільному середовищі. Призвичаєння до ситуації подвійного послання може розглядатися як один з елементів формування подвійної інституціоналізації в суспільно-політичному середовищі, що пояснювало би стійкість останньої при макросистемній неефективності. ; The establishment of the fact that the really existing political order is incongruent to the institutional component of the political system takes up the matter with us of thanks to what is its functioning maintained. This problem is relevant due to the fact that in this case, the informality of such order tends to the semi-legal basis of the authorization rather than to the value-symbolic component of being. Institutional practices that made political order, can be reproduced as informal regulators of political communication or, by normative formalization, become an institutionalized component of the political system. It is possible to assume that one of the mechanisms for establishing the non-institutional political order is its self-maintaining through the use by actors of policy of specific interaction practices. Communicative practices, amongst others, have a decisive influence on the said processes, since their open and rational implementation allows to reach the level of discussing rules for the organization of power relations.It is substantiated that in political systems being transformed, the said initial incongruence can be firmly established as a result of the distortion of the content essence in the communication while applying manipulative technologies (including, through the system of education). If informal political discourse even goes beyond the control of formalized institutions (at least indirectly) but becomes effective, then it is considered necessary, as long as it justifies the existing political order, no matter how paradoxical it was. In our opinion, this is one of prerequisites for the emergence of hybrid political regimes, in which the deliberately stimulated coexistence of the formal (legal) and the efficient produces the uncertainty and, at the same time, is its result. In similar circumstances, individuals apply the kind of communication practices (for example, para-dialogue) contributing to the reconstitution of the political order, by which they were designed or adapted in the social environment. The habituation to the double bind situation can be regarded as one of elements for the formation of the double institutionalization in the socio-political environment, which would explain the stability of the latter in the context of the macro-system inefficiency. ; Установление того, что реально существующий политический порядок является неконгруэнтным по отношению к институциональной составляющей политической системы, ставит перед нами вопрос о том, благодаря чему поддерживается его функционирование. Эта проблема становится актуальной из-за того, что неформальность такого порядка в этом случае тяготеет скорее к полулегальной основе санкционирования, чем к ценностно-символической составляющей бытия. Можно предположить, что одним из механизмов утверждения внеинституционального политического порядка является его самоподдержание при использовании акторами политики специфических практик взаимодействия. Коммуникативные практики, среди прочих, имеют определяющее влияние на указанные процессы, поскольку их открытая и рациональная реализация позволяет выйти на уровень обсуждения правил организации властных отношений.Обосновывается, что в политических системах, которые трансформируются, указанная изначальная неконгруэнтность может быть упрочена вследствие искажения содержательной сущности коммуникации из-за применения манипулятивных технологий (в том числе через систему образования). По нашему мнению, это является одной из предпосылок возникновения гибридных политических режимов, в которых умышленно стимулируемое сосуществование формального (правового) и действенного продуцирует неопределенность и является ее результатом одновременно. В подобных обстоятельствах индивидами применяются специфические практики коммуникации (например, парадиалог), способствующие воспроизводству политического порядка, которым они были сконструированы или адаптированы в общественной среде. Привыкание к ситуации двойного послания может рассматриваться как один из элементов формирования двойной институционализации в общественно-политической среде, что объясняло бы устойчивость последней при макросистемной неэффективности.

According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.

BackgroundMedulloblastoma is associated with rare hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes; however, consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes have not been defined and screening guidelines for genetic counselling and testing for paediatric patients are not available. We aimed to assess and define these genes to provide evidence for future screening guidelines.MethodsIn this international, multicentre study, we analysed patients with medulloblastoma from retrospective cohorts (International Cancer Genome Consortium [ICGC] PedBrain, Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium [MAGIC], and the CEFALO series) and from prospective cohorts from four clinical studies (SJMB03, SJMB12, SJYC07, and I-HIT-MED). Whole-genome sequences and exome sequences from blood and tumour samples were analysed for rare damaging germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. DNA methylation profiling was done to determine consensus molecular subgroups: WNT (MBWNT), SHH (MBSHH), group 3 (MBGroup3), and group 4 (MBGroup4). Medulloblastoma predisposition genes were predicted on the basis of rare variant burden tests against controls without a cancer diagnosis from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Previously defined somatic mutational signatures were used to further classify medulloblastoma genomes into two groups, a clock-like group (signatures 1 and 5) and a homologous recombination repair deficiency-like group (signatures 3 and 8), and chromothripsis was investigated using previously established criteria. Progression-free survival and overall survival were modelled for patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma.FindingsWe included a total of 1022 patients with medulloblastoma from the retrospective cohorts (n=673) and the four prospective studies (n=349), from whom blood samples (n=1022) and tumour samples (n=800) were analysed for germline mutations in 110 cancer predisposition genes. In our rare variant burden analysis, we compared these against 53 105 sequenced controls from ExAC and identified APC, BRCA2, PALB2, PTCH1, SUFU, and TP53 as consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes according to our rare variant burden analysis and estimated that germline mutations accounted for 6% of medulloblastoma diagnoses in the retrospective cohort. The prevalence of genetic predispositions differed between molecular subgroups in the retrospective cohort and was highest for patients in the MBSHH subgroup (20% in the retrospective cohort). These estimates were replicated in the prospective clinical cohort (germline mutations accounted for 5% of medulloblastoma diagnoses, with the highest prevalence [14%] in the MBSHH subgroup). Patients with germline APC mutations developed MBWNT and accounted for most (five [71%] of seven) cases of MBWNT that had no somatic CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations. Patients with germline mutations in SUFU and PTCH1 mostly developed infant MBSHH. Germline TP53 mutations presented only in childhood patients in the MBSHH subgroup and explained more than half (eight [57%] of 14) of all chromothripsis events in this subgroup. Germline mutations in PALB2 and BRCA2 were observed across the MBSHH, MBGroup3, and MBGroup4 molecular subgroups and were associated with mutational signatures typical of homologous recombination repair deficiency. In patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma, 5-year progression-free survival was 52% (95% CI 40-69) and 5-year overall survival was 65% (95% CI 52-81); these survival estimates differed significantly across patients with germline mutations in different medulloblastoma predisposition genes.InterpretationGenetic counselling and testing should be used as a standard-of-care procedure in patients with MBWNT and MBSHH because these patients have the highest prevalence of damaging germline mutations in known cancer predisposition genes. We propose criteria for routine genetic screening for patients with medulloblastoma based on clinical and molecular tumour characteristics.FundingGerman Cancer Aid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Childhood Cancer Foundation (Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung); European Research Council; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Institutes for Health Research; German Cancer Research Center; St Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center; American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities; Swiss National Science Foundation; European Molecular Biology Organization; Cancer Research UK; Hertie Foundation; Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust; V Foundation for Cancer Research; Sontag Foundation; Musicians Against Childhood Cancer; BC Cancer Foundation; Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority; Danish Strategic Research Council; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication; Masaryk University; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Research Council of Norway; Genome Canada; Genome BC; Terry Fox Research Institute; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; The Family of Kathleen Lorette and the Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre; Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation; The Hospital for Sick Children: Sonia and Arthur Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Chief of Research Fund, Cancer Genetics Program, Garron Family Cancer Centre, MDT's Garron Family Endowment; BC Childhood Cancer Parents Association; Cure Search Foundation; Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation; Brainchild; and the Government of Ontario.