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Following Kreuzer's (2010) methodological pleas, I first reflect, at the conceptual level, on the ways in which historical research and political science should be related to each other. I then apply some of those considerations to examine two key "moments" in the theory (and history) of institutional choice that I first presented in Boix (1999): the underlying conditions that shaped the interests of different parties toward proportional representation, and the process through which those interests were translated into actual legislative decisions.

Introduction : Electoral challenges and party reponses / Peter Mair, Wolfgang C. M(c)ơller, and Fritz Plasser -- Party responses to the changing electoral market in Britain / Paul Webb -- Ephemeral victories? France's governing parties, the ecologists, and the far right / Andrew Knapp -- Embracing dealignment, combating realignment : German parties respond / Susan E. Scarrow -- Party responses to electoral dealignment in Italy / Luciano Bardi -- Party responses to the erosion of voter loyalties in Austria : weakness as an advantage and strength as a handicap / Wolfgang C. M(c)ơller, Fritz Plasser, and Peter A. Ulram -- Political parties and their reactions to the erosion of voter loyalty in Belgium : caught in a trap / Kris Deschouwer -- Electoral fortunes and responses of the Social Democratic party and Liberal party in Denmark : ups and downs / Lars Bille and Karina Pedersen -- Political parties in electoral markets in postwar Ireland / Peter Mair and Michael Marsh -- Conclusion : Political parties in changing electoral markets / Peter Mair, Wolfgang C. M(c)ơller, and Fritz Plasser

This volume provides a comparative overview and account of how the parties in Western Europe have perceived contemporary challenges of electoral alignment and how they have responded - whether organizationally, programmatically, or institutionally.

Why do some parties fail to benefit from patronage in pork‐ridden political systems? This article analyzes the interaction between patronage and partisanship to explain why some incumbents are more likely to benefit from pork politics than others. We explain such differences by focusing on political parties' access to resources (supply side) and voters' dependence on fiscal largesse (demand side). We show how these differences affect the patron's choice of public sector wages and employment. We use subnational level data to show different electoral returns from patronage for the two major political coalitions in Argentina—Peronism and the UCR‐Alianza—and their effect on preferences over public sector wages and employment.

This book expands our understanding of support for radical right parties through presenting an integrated new theory which is then tested systematically using a wealth of cross-national survey evidence covering almost forty countries, facilitating a broader perspective than ever before

Party systems in East Asia are characterized by a wide variety of party types, as formally institutionalized parties coexist next to informally and weakly institutionalized parties. This variety can be explained in terms of whether political parties enjoyed access to the developmental state's resources at the time of their formation.

Adapted from the source document.