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This resource book for students introduces the main concepts of multilingualism and provides a wide range of definitions revealing the complex nature of the phenomenon. It also provides knowledge on historical developments, linguistic and cultural changes and emphasizes the historical relevance to the present situation in Europe. The documentation on the EU policy on multilingualism is critically evaluated while placing policy issues in the context of national and institutional perspectives. The resource book for students explores the economic value of languages and the impact of global English as well as the role of other "big" languages in Europe and the world. The case studies of different European countries/ cities provide deeper knowledge and develop understanding of political, educational, economic and socio-cultural aspects of multilingualism. These aspects are highlighted by examining cultural and socio-political factors that may influence or even determine minority/ migrant language loss, their development or maintenance. Finally, it provides an analysis of challenges for the educational sector and the schooling of multilingual children.

This resource book for students introduces the main concepts of multilingualism and provides a wide range of definitions revealing the complex nature of the phenomenon. It also provides knowledge on historical developments, linguistic and cultural changes and emphasizes the historical relevance to the present situation in Europe. The documentation on the EU policy on multilingualism is critically evaluated while placing policy issues in the context of national and institutional perspectives. The resource book for students explores the economic value of languages and the impact of global English as well as the role of other "big" languages in Europe and the world. The case studies of different European countries/ cities provide deeper knowledge and develop understanding of political, educational, economic and socio-cultural aspects of multilingualism. These aspects are highlighted by examining cultural and socio-political factors that may influence or even determine minority/ migrant language loss, their development or maintenance. Finally, it provides an analysis of challenges for the educational sector and the schooling of multilingual children.

This resource book for students introduces the main concepts of multilingualism and provides a wide range of definitions revealing the complex nature of the phenomenon. It also provides knowledge on historical developments, linguistic and cultural changes and emphasizes the historical relevance to the present situation in Europe. The documentation on the EU policy on multilingualism is critically evaluated while placing policy issues in the context of national and institutional perspectives. The resource book for students explores the economic value of languages and the impact of global English as well as the role of other "big" languages in Europe and the world. The case studies of different European countries/ cities provide deeper knowledge and develop understanding of political, educational, economic and socio-cultural aspects of multilingualism. These aspects are highlighted by examining cultural and socio-political factors that may influence or even determine minority/ migrant language loss, their development or maintenance. Finally, it provides an analysis of challenges for the educational sector and the schooling of multilingual children.

With the enlargement of the European Union, Europe is experiencing profound changes. All European nation states are going to face growing cultural and linguistic diversity. Therefore, considerable efforts to understand, respect, and sustain the very contrasts that make Europe so rich and complex will be required from all EU citizens. A specific feature of European cultural life is the ability to engage effectively with diversity. This engagement is linked to its basis in tradition and new developments.

With the enlargement of the European Union, Europe is experiencing profound changes. All European nation states are going to face growing cultural and linguistic diversity. Therefore, considerable efforts to understand, respect, and sustain the very contrasts that make Europe so rich and complex will be required from all EU citizens. A specific feature of European cultural life is the ability to engage effectively with diversity. This engagement is linked to its basis in tradition and new developments.

With the enlargement of the European Union, Europe is experiencing profound changes. All European nation states are going to face growing cultural and linguistic diversity. Therefore, considerable efforts to understand, respect, and sustain the very contrasts that make Europe so rich and complex will be required from all EU citizens. A specific feature of European cultural life is the ability to engage effectively with diversity. This engagement is linked to its basis in tradition and new developments.

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This thesis analyses determinants that have influence on Venture Capital (VC) activity in Europe. Majority of previous researches used Jeng and Wells (2000) model, where VC demand (Investments) and supply (Raised Fund) side were tested, this model was applied to this research as well. The panel data analysis with fixed and random effects of 22 European countries period 2008 - 2018 was used for this paper and model was improved by introducing 18 new factors together with 9 selected from previous studies. Results revealed that fixed effects model were more appropriate to use in this research. Investment model revealed 9 significant factors: positive impact with GDP, Export, Starting Business, Scientific legislation and negative with 10Y Government bonds, FDI, Internet use, Patents and Protectionism. While Fund Raised model observed 5 significant determinants: positive connection with FDI and Corruption, while negative with Science employees, Patents and Corporate Tax. In previous studies variables were categorized in three sectors: macroeconomic, entrepreneurial and technological (Prohorovs & Pavlyuk, 2013). This model was improved by combining factors into the four sectors including also institutional sector. As a result 4 hypotheses were tested. 3 hypotheses find supported: Macroeconomic, Technological and Institutional variables had an effect on VC activity in European countries. Though, 1 hypothesis was rejected: Entrepreneurial variables did not have effect on European VC activity. These results highlight the importance of Macroeconomic, Technological and Institutional variables in Europe, while selected Entrepreneurial factors did not revealed significant impact (22 486 words).

This thesis analyses determinants that have influence on Venture Capital (VC) activity in Europe. Majority of previous researches used Jeng and Wells (2000) model, where VC demand (Investments) and supply (Raised Fund) side were tested, this model was applied to this research as well. The panel data analysis with fixed and random effects of 22 European countries period 2008 - 2018 was used for this paper and model was improved by introducing 18 new factors together with 9 selected from previous studies. Results revealed that fixed effects model were more appropriate to use in this research. Investment model revealed 9 significant factors: positive impact with GDP, Export, Starting Business, Scientific legislation and negative with 10Y Government bonds, FDI, Internet use, Patents and Protectionism. While Fund Raised model observed 5 significant determinants: positive connection with FDI and Corruption, while negative with Science employees, Patents and Corporate Tax. In previous studies variables were categorized in three sectors: macroeconomic, entrepreneurial and technological (Prohorovs & Pavlyuk, 2013). This model was improved by combining factors into the four sectors including also institutional sector. As a result 4 hypotheses were tested. 3 hypotheses find supported: Macroeconomic, Technological and Institutional variables had an effect on VC activity in European countries. Though, 1 hypothesis was rejected: Entrepreneurial variables did not have effect on European VC activity. These results highlight the importance of Macroeconomic, Technological and Institutional variables in Europe, while selected Entrepreneurial factors did not revealed significant impact (22 486 words).

1. General Introduction -- 2. Status of Religious Communities -- 3. Relations Between the State and Islam -- 4. State Support for Islamic Religious Communities -- 5. Mosques and Prayer Houses (Masjids) -- 6. Cemeteries and Religious Burials -- 7. Education and Schools -- 8. Muslim Chaplains in Public Institutions -- 9. Employment and Social Rights -- 10. Islamic Ritual Slaughter and Food-Related Regulations -- 11. Islamic Dress -- 12. Criminal Law -- Bibliography -- Index.