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The aim of the article is to describe theoretical concepts related to the effects of state subsidies on enterprises & to discuss the magnitude & effect of state aid on enterprises during the transformation of the Czech economy. Subsidies to enterprises during transformation were high, often transparent, & above the European Union average. During 1997-2003 registered state aid reached 362 bn. CZK. More than 90 percent of the total registered state aid went to awards the rescue & restructuring of enterprises. It can be roughly estimated that during 1997-2000 state aid was twice as high as officially registered. Share of state aid to enterprises in public debt increased & reached 70 percent by 2003. Non-transparent channels of state aid distribution decrease the efficiency of state aid, as they distort market signals & decrease motivation for fair competition. Tables, Graphs, References. Adapted from the source document.

Data on the economic development of OECD-Member countries show that tax structures in all OECD countries are changing, but one constant feature is that the share of taxes in GDP is rising. The aim of this article is to discus the main reasons for the increased tax burden in OECD countries, the difficulties of international comparisons of tax burden, & the conditions for tax burden reduction in the Czech Republic. An international comparison is difficult because national economic indicators can be distorted by methods used for measuring GDP on the one hand & by tax-revenues assessment on the other. For example, some countries tax/GDP ratios are underestimated on account of considerable & hidden 'tax expenditures.' Czech tax policy is limited by the coordination & harmonization with, & the fiscal objectives of its accession to, the European Union. 2 Tables, 24 References. Adapted from the source document.

The article analyzes the reasons for two key defeats of the ODS (Civic Democratic Party) in the elections to the Chamber of Deputies in 1998 & 2002. It is proved that the ODS was not a modern right-wing political party at least up to the 2002 election year. For this reason it did not efficiently cover the wide center-right segment of the political spectrum. Public opinion surveys demonstrated that there was a long-term right-wing orientation & a strong center in the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, the ODS did not respond to the demands of the center- right segment by a corresponding offer. The modernization of the 0DS presupposes an overall change of its strategy, which would include not only a conception of people's capitalism but also a whole complex of changes: a more amicable approach to the European Union, to ecological problems, & to social issues, In addition, the party should take a firm stance against non-transparent clientelism & corruption & strengthen pluralism inside the party. 34 References. Adapted from the source document.

The aim of the paper is to discuss the issue of innovation from the perspective of relevant sociological interpretative frameworks. The discussion starts with an assessment of evolutionary and institutional economic studies of innovation, which have contributed to a better understanding of the role of institutional and social factors in the formation of innovation resources and the performance of (innovating) firms and (innovating) nation states. The concepts of a national innovation system (Nelson), the learning firm (Lundvall) and the social system of production (Hollingsworth) are discussed to explain this contribution in more detail. They indicate a set of socio-cultural factors and circumstances that can be identifi ed not only as implications of the techno-economic power of innovation but also as the autonomous factors that shape the performance of innovating actors. The EU Lisabon strategy is faced with a similar challenge: to balance the issue of competitiveness with environmental issues and social cohesion. The current debate over fulfilling its goals (the Kok report) offers good arguments as to how techno-economic and socio-cultural resources of innovation could be theorised and governed. In this article, selected methodological frameworks and databases (EIS 2005, EXIS) are applied in an analysis of the social forms and structures of national innovation systems. The final discussion refers both to the relevant concepts (the learning economy, knowledge societies, reflexive modernisation) and the analytical data in order to suggest a concept of innovation, which understands both economic and social factors to be productive resources of current innovation performance. The suggested interpretative framework is used to assess the structural dependencies and challenges of the innovation system in the Czech Republic.

Obálka -- OBSAH -- 1. SOCIÁLNÍ LÉKAŘSTVÍ A VEŘEJNÉ ZDRAVOTNICTVÍ -- 1.1 Počátky oboru sociální lékařství -- 1.2 Obsah a zaměření sociálního lékařství a veřejného zdravotnictví -- 1.3 Mezinárodní návaznost sociálního lékařství a veřejného zdravotnictví -- 2. ZDRAVÍ A NEMOC -- 2.1 Definice zdraví -- 2.2 Modely zdraví -- 2.3 Zdraví jako hodnota -- 2.4 Zdraví jako norma -- 2.5 Obecné vnímání zdraví -- 2.6 Nemoc jako objektivní stav, vnímaný jev i předmět zdravotnické praxe -- 2.7 Zdraví na populační úrovni -- 3. SOCIÁLNÍ DETERMINANTY ZDRAVÍ -- 4. MEZINÁRODNÍ SPOLUPRÁCE A EVROPSKÁ ZDRAVOTNÍ POLITIKA -- 4.1 Evropská unie (European Union - EU) -- 4.2 Organizace pro hospodářskou spolupráci a rozvoj (OECD) -- 4.3 Světová zdravotnická organizace -- 4.3.1 Struktura WHO -- 4.3.2 Zaměření a metody práce WHO -- 4.4 Základ evropské zdravotní politiky - program Zdraví 2020 -- 4.4.1 Zaměření programu Zdraví 2020 -- 4.4.2 Realizační nástroje programu -- 4.4.2.1 Důmyslné a odborné řízení -- 4.4.2.2 Posílení role ministerstva zdravotnictví -- 4.4.2.3 Rozvoj všestranné spolupráce -- 4.4.2.4 Veřejné zdravotnictví, výzkumný, organizační i výukový obor -- 5. ZDRAVOTNÍ GRAMOTNOST -- 5.1 Co je to zdravotní gramotnost? -- 5.2 Základní struktura zdravotní gramotnosti -- 5.3 Mezinárodní srovnání úrovně zdravotní gramotnosti -- 5.4 Zdravotní gramotnost je důležitá a ovlivnitelná determinanta zdraví -- 5.5 Zdravotní gramotnost je prioritou rozvoje zdravotních systémů -- 5.6 Zdravotní gramotnost v péči o orální zdraví -- 6. SYSTÉMY ZDRAVOTNÍ PÉČE -- 6.1 Stručné historické poznámky -- 6.2 Financování zdravotnictví prostřednictvím pojištění -- 6.2.1 Veřejnoprávní (statutární) pojištění -- 6.2.2 Soukromoprávní (privátní) pojištění -- 6.2.3 Smíšené systémy a jejich kombinace -- 6.3 Formy úhrad za zdravotnické služby -- 6.4 Možnosti zlepšení systému zdravotní péče

The article draws on the concept of 'replacement migration', widely presented by the Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs in 2000 and 2001, which elaborated a concept and conducted a comprehensive analysis of international migration as a solution to the problem of population declines and demographic ageing. This concept was applied as an example to selected countries in the world, the European region, and the European Union as a whole. It involves calculating the number of foreign migrants necessary to completely offset future changes in the size or age structure of the given country's population as a result of the predicted demographic trends. The following article describes the formulation of this concept and looks at its application on a general methodological level and in the specifi c case of the Czech Republic. A detailed description is given not just of the model used but also of its internal and external assumptions. The constructed model is then applied towards determining the, necessary number of 'replacement migrants' in order to prevent a signifi cant change in the Czech Republic in: 1) the total size of the population, 2) the average age of the population, 3) the percentage of people of working age, and 4) the ratio of people of post-productive to productive age. With the aid of the results the authors clearly demonstrate that while international migrants could effectively help maintain the current size of the population, they would not be able to prevent the continued ageing of the population or even have a decisive impact on the course of this process. With these fi ndings the authors hope to contribute to the debate on the topic of the ageing population in the Czech Republic, and they call strongly for more intensive and especially more effective preparations for this real and unavoidable era in the development of Czech society.

The process of democratic transition & consolidation has established conditions for important Czech interest groups in which interest groups have begun to face the challenges of Europeanization. The article focuses on changes that trade unions have been undergoing during the Europeanization process in respect to their internal structure, interactions with other political actors both on the Czech & European levels, changes of advocated interests, strategies of action, etc... Appropriate attention is paid also to the reaction of Czech trade unions to new challenges driven by European integration. The authors conclude, using data from original long-term qualitative research, that Europeanization is a proper conceptual tool eligible for the analysis of Trade Union. Adapted from the source document.