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The purpose of this essay is to analyze the impact of foreign trade upon the state and civil society in the first decades of Mexican independence. It will focus both on socioeconomic and political aspects of that impact. First, it examines the foreign trade at the end of the colonial period and the first decades of independence by reviewing available data. Second, it gives a brief description of some of the most outstanding consequences of this trade in respect to distribution of the imported goods, and unemployment related to the overflow of foreign products, especially textiles. Third, the essay outlines two types of state reaction: a more defensive reaction, pointing out certain aspects of fiscal and customs policy concerning foreign trade (protective tariffs); and a more offensive reaction by the state which promoted industrialization in order to become more independent from imports. This last aspect of industrialization, however, is discussed only in terms of foreign contribution (import of machinery, skilled workers/technicians, investment of "foreign" capital) to the process of modernization. Finally, the essay concludes by trying to provide an answer to the question of why the early attempts at industrialization failed.

De Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid (WRR) bepleit in zijn rapport Aan het buitenland gehecht een nieuwe aanpak van het buitenlandbeleid. De wereld om ons heen is onderhevig aan veranderende machtsverhoudingen, wordt bevolkt door andere spelers dan in het verleden, en wordt gekenmerkt door een sterkere verknoping van nationale en internationale vraagstukken. Dit vraagt om nieuwe antwoorden, om een heroriëntatie op het buitenlandbeleid. Het rapport wordt op 30 november namens de regering in ontvangst genomen door de minister van Buitenlandse Zaken, dr. U. Rosenthal. Het rapport st

Chile and its foreign policy: Trance and transition from the Great War to the Cold War (1914-1964) is a collective book that brings together the advances and results of research related to the main problems that characterized Chile's international relations at the regional level. , continental and global from the vision that the Chilean political leaders and diplomats projected as part of a strategy of greater ties with the region and the world in a complex period of transition for Latin American countries. These States had to make decisions that impacted both politics and the economy, this being the main challenge that had to be faced during the time frame considered in the book, where the end of the belle époque, the development and consequences of the I World War, the emergence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the birth of the League of Nations, the consolidation of European totalitarianism and American hegemony in America, the crisis of 1929, the outbreak of World War II and its end , brought with it the transition to a critical stage for the world, such as the emergence of the Cold War with bipolarity, political and military conflicts, and the latency of nuclear destruction.

"Collection of insightful articles analyze the features of Venezuela's foreign policy, its foundations, and decision-making processes. Discusses future prospects and recommends changes in the context of a more general process of State reform. Includes concise but well-documented studies of the evolution of Venezuela's foreign policy, its institutional complexity and economic aspects, the role of the military, and characteristics of the foreign service and diplomatic corps. Important contribution"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

"Detailed chronological presentation of the evolution of Chile's foreign policy during 1991. Highlights the capacity of Aylwin's democratic administration to reach important border, economic and political-diplomatic agreements with countries in the Americas, Europe, and the Pacific basin. Useful and comprehensive reference work"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

Reading the news about Iran today one can hardly imagine that relations between the Netherlands and Iran were excellent until 1979. Mohammed-Reza Pahlavi, the last shah of Persia, was known in The Netherlands as a visionary and reformer. Persia was represented as a mythical land with an ancient civilization. The Dutch royal family enjoyed visiting the shah, and large and small Dutch companies were successful in Iran.

When in the 1970s awareness spread about repression under the shah, the Dutch government was faced with difficult choices. How could these relations be continued, now that public opinion had turned against it? The Dutch government decided to ignore the criticisms, and firmly held on to the idea of the shah as an enlightened despot. As such, it did not see the Iranian Revolution coming, and suffered the consequences.

"Valuable collection of key speeches by President Carlos Salinas de Gortari concerning foreign policy, economic reform, political liberalization, and social justice. Includes his first five Informes de Gobierno"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

"Theoretical analysis and historical survey of the evolution of Argentina's foreign policy since the early-19th century until the mid-1990s. Uses a sociological-historical approach to examine the origins of Argentina's foreign policies after independence and its evolution through the phases of inwardly oriented growth, the inter-war period, the Cold War, and the transition from 'Third Position' to Western alignment. Highlights interaction between domestic and international variables and the importance of cultural factors in shaping the dependent features of the country's foreign policies"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

This book analyzes the reorientation of Chilean foreign policy between 1900-1930, a period in which Chile was able to consolidate its border situation with neighboring countries: with Argentina in 1902, with Bolivia in 1904 and with Peru in 1929. On the other hand, since an internal policy perspective, was the period that basically coincided with the development and crisis of the parliamentary republic

"Group of international relations specialists from National Univ. of Rosario examines different aspects of bilateral relations during the first decade of democracy in Argentina. Articles of dissimilar quality among which the most informative and insightful are those that compare the foreign policies of the Alfonsín and Menem administrations and examine the current theoretical debate on Argentina's foreign policy"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

Delage, F.: The new context of Chinese foreign policy. - S. 27-31 Bustelo, P.: China's economic boom and its international impact. - S. 32-38 Sutter, R. G.: China's rise and the durability of US leadership in Asia. - S. 39-43 Wang Jisi: China's road to peaceful development and the United States. - S. 44-47