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"Gainful Employment: Hearing all sides" is a special episode of Radio Higher Ed which presents four views of the proposed gainful employment rule to be released by the US Department of Education. Contributors include: David Bergeron, Vice President for Postsecondary Education at the Center for American Progress (CAP); David Baime, Senior Vice President for Government Relations and Policy Analysis for the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC); Steve Gunderson, President and CEO of the Association of Private Sector Colleges and Universities (APSCU); and Cheryl Lovell, President of Rocky Vista University, the nation's only for-profit osteopathic medical school. Panelists provide history and context for the rule, along with potential impacts, especially with regard to the different types of institutions covered by the rule. Additionally, panelists discuss how Gainful Employment represents a landmark in federal education policy and offer their own suggestions for changes to the purposed rule. The discussion concludes with remarks regarding accountability and its future in higher education. Interview facilitation, commentary and discussion presented by Kathryn Dodge, Alison Griffin, and Elise Scanlon of Radio Higher Ed.

Abstract
Various statistical analyses reveal that the position of women in the labour market is worse when compared to men. In the majority, or nearly in all countries of the EU, women obtain lower income than men and are in a greater risk of becoming unemployed. The problem of such differentiation in the labour market is still valid despite the various activities at the EU agenda aimed at reducing these disparities. The aim of this paper was to present the income situation of women who remain in a formal or informal relationship with men and to identify the factors which affect such a situation without making any reference to the problem of discrimination. The author used the data from Polish household budget survey of 2011.

The paper examines the effect of financial inclusion on women participation in gainful employment in Nigeria for the period 1980 – 2018, employing the ARDL method. Both in the short run, and long-run the results obtained indicated a positive relationship between financial inclusion and women participation in gainful employment. Thus, the paper recommends that the government should ensure that the barriers to financial inclusion is reduced or removed. This will increase women participation in economic activities, since measures regarding financial inclusion is adjudged as convenient, safety and prompt. Measures that will enhance private deposit and expansion of more commercials banks branch in rural areas to enhance women's access to financial services which discourage the use of informal financial services should be encouraged.

The alternative sector still offers women substantial and meaningful advantages over the formal sector in employment. A project group, "Women in the Labour Market", associated with the Department of Economics at the Freie Universität Berlin in 1983 set out to study the opportunities for women to acquire gainful employment within the alternative sector and to examine the choices offered and the quality of employment attained within the projects examined. Co‐workers of 22 different projects (eight all‐women and 14 mixed) in crafts/manufacturing, transport, retail, trade, service sector and social services in Berlin were interviewed. All projects consciously tackled problems arising with an uneven distribution or assignment of tasks and information by concrete actions. Some branches required a specialised qualification or training, others did not. Gender‐specific work divisions are still found. However, these issues are being positively addressed. Care is needed to avoid repressive and unchangeable structures. The limited ability to secure a viable subsistence is the greatest constraint to the expansion of the alternative sector. Incorporating work and home life is no longer important. In the long term, the crafts/manufacturing projects appear most promising economically but may offer only limited access to women. Trade and retail projects are more easily accessible.

Citing recent case study evidence from various parts of Africa, this article argues that the income diversification efforts of most rural dwellers over the past decade have been directed at meeting daily needs amidst declining returns to commercial agriculture. Individuals and households have experimented with new forms of livelihood, expanding their
non-agricultural income sources, while retaining their base in subsistence farming. Various livelihood patterns are emerging, depending on historical, geographical and agro-ecological factors at local and national levels. Livelihood experimentation has catalysed overlapping arenas of dynamic change, notably disequilibria between households and individual members, tensions between generations, the recalibration of gender power balances, and a search for new social networks. So far this surge of livelihood 'multiplexity' has not generated adequate overall levels of gainful employment, technical innovation, purchasing power or welfare improvement. Thus, probing the complex interplay of economic, social, cultural and political dynamics in rural Africa becomes all the more essential for effective policy formulation.