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Deleuzian criticisms of representational thinking converge on the understanding of thought as a recognitive process. To recognize is to think. Among all the problems concerning such a model of thought, there is a fundamental obstacle to recognition: it does not recognize what does not fit into its previously established premises and which delimit the linearity of correct thinking. Thus, as Deleuze warns us, the difference has never been thought for itself. In such a notion, the difference is just an opposition to the equal. In one of his dialogues with the philosophical tradition, the French thinker found a punctual gap in the thinking of the Greek philosopher Aristotle where difference is brought up. A moment when the difference emerged and was almost considered by itself, and which was called "the happy Greek moment" by Deleuze. It is about Aristotelian thought of difference, that Greek moment and the conceptual criticism that Deleuze conducts to compose his theory that the article will deal with.

This paper exposes the development of a written proposal in a 2nd year high school students in a rural school district Santa Terezinha in Itaporã-MS and a part of its results, to promote a reflection on new possibilities for work that contribute to close the gap between school written practices and extracurricular and their socio historical relations. We begin from the assumption that the writing is heterogeneously formed the linguistic facts do not separate the social practices (Corrêa, 2004). The proposal constituted the production of a Virtual Journal on Facebook, developed during the Portuguese classes. The analysis of news production and reporting, plus the comments made on the digital platform, enable linguistically show that there is no rigid boundary between writing practices of focused on writing culture and those of digital culture, as they suppose many educators. Furthermore, show that social networks in school can work as collaborators in a more efficient and meaningful writing instruction for all involved.

In Brazil there has been great difficulty in politically and administratively integrating the different levels of government that are formulating and implementing these policies, especially in regard to the relationships between the government bodies formulating guidelines at the national level and those at the local level. According to current legislation, the municipalities are responsible for the management of urban solid waste (USW) and urban sanitation. Federal Law 12,305/2010, establishes the Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS), and establishes principles and objectives for the country, but these activities are to be implemented at the municipal level. Are these municipalities capable of fulfilling this task? This article proposes a methodology based on gap analysis using data from the National Sanitation Information System (Snis) to identify the extent to which PNRS has been implemented in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area (RJMA). The results show an increase in the universality of the service in RJMA municipalities, but most of the PNRS objectives have been ignored and there are no local policy guidelines to be put in place and monitored. In addition to this, we have found that there has been poor implementation of the federal law. By interpreting this finding through the theoretical framework of institutionalism, our conclusions raise new questions and identify possible paths for future research. ; Las políticas públicas brasileñas se caracterizan por una brecha entre las instancias que formulan las directrices nacionales y los gobiernos locales, que deberían implementarlas. Los municipios son los órganos encargados de las actividades de gestión de los residuos sólidos y los desechos urbanos (RSU). La Ley Federal no 12.305/2010, que establece la Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos (PNRS), establece los objetivos de la gestión de los RSU en todo Brasil, que deben ser implementados a escala municipal. ¿Cuál es la capacidad de los municipios para alcanzar el objetivo de la ley nacional? Esta investigación, centrándose en el área metropolitana de Río de Janeiro (RMRJ), aplica una metodología basada en técnicas de análisis de las deficiencias y usa los datos del Sistema de Información Nacional de Saneamiento (Snis), para ilustrar el nivel de aplicación de las PNRS marco en RMRJ. Los resultados muestran un aumento en el servicio universal en los municipios de RMRJ pero la mayoría de los objetivos PNR no sólo se ignora, sino que también no tiene directrices de política a nivel local para ser abordadas y supervisadas. El grado escaso de implementación de la ley nacional evidenciado por los resultados viene siendo interpretado en las conclusiones mediante el marco teórico del institucionalismo, lo que permite traer nuevos cuestionamientos y posibles desdoblamientos para investigaciones futuras. ; A dificuldade de integração entre entes federativos na formulação e na implementação de políticas se faz presente nas diferentes esferas política e administrativa no Brasil, sobretudo no que diz respeito às relações entre instâncias de governo formuladoras de diretrizes no nível nacional e as executoras no nível local. De acordo com a legislação vigente, os municípios são os responsáveis pelas atividades de manejo de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) e limpeza urbana. A Lei Federal no 12.305/2010, que institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), estabelece princípios e objetivos, proporcionando um marco para a gestão de RSU no Brasil. Qual é a real capacidade dos municípios de atenderem as determinações da Lei Nacional? Este artigo propõe uma metodologia baseada no método da análise das lacunas e nos dados do Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Saneamento (Snis), para identificar o grau de implementação da PNRS na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados mostram um incremento na universalização do serviço nos municípios da RMRJ, mas a maioria dos objetivos da PNRS não só é desconsiderada, como também não possui diretrizes políticas ao nível local para serem encaminhadas e monitoradas. O grau escasso de implementação da lei nacional evidenciado pelos resultados vem sendo interpre­tado nas conclusões mediante o marco teórico do institucionalismo, o que permite trazer novos questionamentos e possíveis desdobramentos para pesquisas futuras.

This paper discusses care ethics from the perspective of the practical extent of its scope. Carol Gilligan and especially Nel Noddings are presented as proponents of the thesis that care requires a kind of personal connection or encounter between the persons involved, thus being inherently "personal" and "partial". Claudia Card's position is presented as a critique of these theses, especially for the gap of such a model in relation to the people who will never be directly linked to us, but who nevertheless don't cease to request our moral engagement - therefore, demanding from ethics a salient space for justice and impersonal principles. Some ideas from Abraham Maslow and Betty Friedan are presented as a means of reinterpret this problem, especially from the conception of the so-called "meta-motivations" or "metaneeds", characterized as the opening of the possibility, in the moral personality, of feeling "connected" (in a similar sense to that demanded by Noddings) with certain "abstract" and distant goods, such as those encompassed by the ethics of principles (in the terms outlined by Card).

In this article the gap between research and theory on social movements and media and communication Studies is bridged. A conceptual framework is presented that relates both to social movement theory by referring to the political opportunity structure approach and logics of contentious action as well as to media and communication studies through the concept of mediation. It will be argued that mediation is a fruitful concept to encompass a wide variety of ways in which media and communication are relevant to protest and social movements. ; Nesse artigo articulamos a pesquisa e a teoria sobre movimentos sociais e mídia e estudos de comunicação. É apresentada uma base conceitual de trabalho, relacionando-se tanto à teoria de movimentos sociais ao se referir ao enfoque de estrutura de oportunidade e às lógicas de ação contenciosa assim como aos estudos de mídia e comunicação através do conceito de mediação. Argumenta-se que a mediação é um conceito eficiente para abranger uma grande variedade de maneiras nas quais a mídia e os meios de comunicação são relevantes para os protestos e movimentos.

The promotion of quality of work life programs has become the way it is possible to
develop and maintain motivation and commitment of workers, resulting in numerous
benefits. Currently, many companies havesought to incorporate standardized
programs Quality of Work Life (QWL) immediately, without strategic planning and
proper investment. This causes them to obtain results contrary to those expected.
Each program must have a direction, since each company has its specificity. Thus, it
should be a diagnosis of problems and limitations of occupational activities, as well
as the physical and human resources, it canforward the planning and execution of
actions to be implemented. This study aimed to present suggestions of actions and
promotional programs for QWL to be used asa model, aiming to worker health and
gain business. Was conducted a bibliographic research by consulting the following
databases: DEDALUS, LILACS, MEDLINE and SciELO, based on the periods of
1995-2008. It is concluded that there is much to do. Should then reduce the gap
between rhetoric and practice, so that the QWL is not just another fad and will not
disappear before the first difficulty to be faced.

The economies of the Midwest region, since the 1990s, have been undergoing a change in their development style, as external factors have become more pulsating vis-à-vis internal factors as determinants in the transformation of productive structures of this regional space. More connected to international markets, these local economies accelerated the process of modernizing their productive structures, but without breaking with their condition of underdevelopment. It is in this context that the whole plot of this investigation is woven, that is, to verify whether there is any reduction in the gap between the average labor productivity of the industrial sectors due to competitiveness factors in the states that form the Midwest region vis-à-vis the state of São Paulo in the period from 1996 to 2016. For this purpose, the historical-structural method is adopted as a means to test and validate the empirical evidence that the average productivity differential of the industrial sectors due to centralostatic competitiveness factors vis-à-vis -vis to the state of São Paulo has been decreasing in the interstitium from 1996 to 2016. In this sense, the industrial sectors due to competitiveness factors in the Midwest region that showed greater convergence in terms of industrial labor productivity vis-à-vis the state from São Paulo were those based on natural resources, differentiated, intensive in scale and intensive in work. With the exception of the Federal District, no state in the Midwest showed a reduction in the gap between the productivity differential of industrial work vis-à-vis the state of São Paulo in what concerns the science-based sector. Thus, it is important to underline that the degree of heterogeneity between the industrial sectors that constitute the states of the Midwest and São Paulo presented, in the interstitium from 1996 to 2016, a decline, since their values were closer to the average of each signaling, therefore, that the diffusion of technical progress has followed the path of greater interregional homogenization. However, it is important to emphasize that this did not mean that these states have overcome the duality between the companies that modernized and those that still remained clinging to the fetters of archaic and traditional techniques. This reinforces the technological dependence of this regional space in relation to the technological standard established in the central countries, since the states of the Midwest region have little capacity for endogenous generation of science, technology and innovation (CT&I). This fact reinforces the need to formulate state strategies in science, technology and innovation (ST&I) to reduce the dependence of these states vis-à-vis the technological innovations that are produced in central countries.

This paper explores data about the performance of municipal schools in Rio de Janeiro during the first years of basic education to show that the regulatory instruments currently employed by the federal government must be complemented by a strategy that focus on local factors. Using data about the geographical location of Rio de Janeiro municipal schools and their performance at IDEB, we were able to pick out neighboring schools that achieved diametrically opposed results, despite serving students with comparable socioeconomic status. This reality suggests that bottom-up regulatory instruments might be employed efficiently. There is, however, a normative gap in that regard, with a strong prevalence of top-down public policies currently in place. ; Este artigo explora dados referentes ao desempenho das escolas municipais do Rio de Janeiro nos primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental para apurar que medidas podem ser utilizadas para complementar os instrumentos regulatórios top down voltados para a educação, evidenciando que fatores locais exercem influência expressiva sobre a qualidade do ensino. Na cidade, escolas vizinhas apresentam resultados diametralmente opostos, apesar de serem comparáveis em termos socioeconômicos. Essa realidade sugere que instrumentos regulatórios bottom-up podem ser usados de maneira eficiente. Há, porém, uma lacuna normativa nesse sentido, com a forte prevalência de políticas públicas top-down.

O artigo objetivou caracterizar a contribuição dos portais eletrônicos dos estados brasileiros para a transparência do processo de vacinação contra a Covid-19. A pesquisa é do tipo descritiva, empreendida por meio de um estudo documental, com abordagem quali-quantitativa. O objeto de investigação compreende os portais eletrônicos dos 26 estados brasileiros e o Distrito Federal. O estudo guiou-se pela aplicação do Índice de Transparência da Vacinação contra a Covid-19 (ITVC-19). Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos em seis levantamentos realizados a partir de análise nos portais, tendo como técnica de tratamento a análise de conteúdo. Observou-se a constância de alguns estados em níveis superiores e inferiores (ou seja, nos extremos), e evolução de outros, saindo de níveis inferiores para níveis superiores. Embora a grande maioria dos portais eletrônicos dos estados brasileiros contribuam para a transparência da vacinação contra a Covid-19, ainda há estados cujo portais, por se situarem em níveis opaco, baixo e médio, parecem existir mais em razão de um imperativo tecnológico dominante e menos para favorecer a transparência das ações governamentais. Tem o estudo uma implicação teórica direta quando proporciona o desenvolvimento de um índice que contribui para a análise da transparência no processo de vacinação contra a Covid-19. Pressupõe-se que o índice, futuramente, poderá ser utilizado também para novos estudos sobre campanhas de vacinação, e não apenas este restrito ao contexto pandêmico. Consequentemente contribui com o gap na literatura, notadamente nacional. A contribuição prática também é demonstrada pelo fornecimento de um diagnóstico que, embora pontual, poderá ser utilizado pelos gestores públicos interessados em fazer avançar a transparência da vacinação. ; The article aimed to characterize the contribution of Brazilian state web portals to the transparency of the vaccination process against COVID-19. This research is descriptive, undertaken through a documentary study with a quali-quantitative approach. The purpose of the investigation comprises the web portals of the 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District. The study was guided by the application of the COVID-19 Vaccination Transparency Index (ITVC-19). The study data were obtained in six surveys carried out from the analysis of the portals, using content analysis as the processing technique. The constancy of some states at higher and lower levels (i.e., the extremes) and the evolution of others going from lower to higher levels was observed. Although the vast majority of web portals of Brazilian states contribute to the transparency of the vaccination against COVID-19, there are still states the portal of which, for being at opaque, low, or intermediary levels, seem to exist more due to a dominant technological imperative and less to favor the transparency of government actions. The study has a direct theoretical implication when it enables the development of an index that contributes to analyzing the transparency in the vaccination process against COVID-19. It is assumed that, in the future, the index may also be used for new studies on vaccination campaigns, not just this one restricted to the pandemic context. Consequently, it contributes to bridging the gap in the literature, notably the national literature. The practical contribution is also demonstrated by the provision of a diagnosis that, albeit specific, may be used by public managers interested in advancing vaccination transparency.

Objetivo: o discurso de ódio é um problema antigo, que se apresenta em diferentes feições com o passar do tempo. Atualmente, é possível identificar falas discriminatórias ligadas ao contexto da pandemia COVID-19. O artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as transformações do conceito de discurso de ódio desde o surgimento do debate até os fenômenos atuais relacionados à pandemia. Observa-se que ainda não há tratamento específico sobre o tema no âmbito jurídico, e há ainda um distanciamento entre a pesquisa de identificação do discurso de ódio nas redes sociais e a resposta jurídica ao fenômeno.Metodologia: o presente estudo utiliza o método dialético e dogmático, por intermédio de uma abordagem voltada à legislação brasileira e estadunidense, e o debate entre autores especializados no tema; quanto ao procedimento, é uma pesquisa bibliográfica mediante a revisão de doutrina especializada e estudos recentes sobre a ligação entre o discurso de ódio e o coronavírus, buscando apresentar a relevância do tema no contexto atual.Resultados: a pandemia foi cenário de novas modalidades de discurso de ódio, acrescendo também os casos de forma quantitativa. Observa-se que ainda não há tratamento específico sobre o tema no âmbito jurídico, e há ainda um distanciamento entre a pesquisa de identificação do discurso de ódio nas redes sociais e a resposta jurídica ao fenômeno.Contribuições: Com a pandemia COVID-19, vários campos de pesquisa social se voltaram para o tema. O presente artigo traz como contribuição algumas iniciativas inovadoras de pesquisa que identificaram uma correlação entre a doença e discursos discriminatórios.Palavras-chave: Discurso de ódio; COVID-19; Pandemia; Direito Constitucional; Redes sociais. ABSTRAC Objective: hate speech is an old problem, which presents itself in different features over time. Currently, it is possible to identify discriminatory statements linked to the context of the pandemic COVID-19. The article aims to present the transformations of the concept of hate speech from the emergence of the debate to the current phenomena related to the pandemic. It is observed that there is still no specific treatment on the subject in the legal sphere, and there is still a gap between the research to identify hate speech on social networks and the legal response to the phenomenon.Methodology: the present study uses the dialectical and dogmatic method, through an approach focused on Brazilian and American legislation, and the debate between authors specialized in the theme; as for the procedure, it is a bibliographic search through the review of specialized doctrine and recent studies on the connection between hate speech and the coronavirus, seeking to present the relevance of the theme in the current context.Results: it is observed that the pandemic was the scene of new modalities of hate speech, also adding the cases in a quantitative way. It is observed that there is still no specific treatment on the subject in the legal sphere, and there is still a gap between the research to identify hate speech on social networks and the legal response to the phenomenon.Contributions: With the COVID-19 pandemic, several fields of social research turned to the topic. This article brings as a contribution some innovative research initiatives that identified a correlation between the disease and discriminatory discourses.Keywords: Hate speech; COVID-19; Pandemic; Constitutional right; Social media.

This article analyzes the factors that affect local governments' decision-making processes on whether to engage in cooperative agreements through intermunicipal consortia. Several studies have examined this issue in Western developed countries, but there is a gap in the literature regarding the phenomenon in the developing world. The research addresses this gap and observes the Brazilian local governments' policies on waste services, focusing on cooperative agreements such as interlocal consortia. These arrangements may be a solution to the political and managerial challenges of providing public services in many areas, including waste collection, treatment, and disposal. However, it is still unclear what factors influence municipalities in their decision to cooperate. Based on cross-sectional research exploring 963 Brazilian municipalities and on the perspective of Institutional Collective Action, this study identified characteristics of communities, transaction characteristics of goods, and the structure of policy networks that influence the local governments in their decision to work cooperatively. The findings shed light on the field of public policies, particularly those carried out through intermunicipal consortia. ; Este articulo analiza los factores que influyen en los municipios en su toma de decisiones sobre la prestación de servicios públicos de residuos por medio de consorcios. Varios estudios abordaron esa cuestión investigando países occidentales y desarrollados, pero existe una laguna en la literatura que explora el fenómeno en países en desarrollo como Brasil. Por lo tanto, este estudio selecciona los gobiernos locales de Brasil y analiza su política de recolección y tratamiento de residuos, con foco en la prestación de servicios públicos a través de acuerdos cooperativos, particularmente, consorcios intermunicipales. Estos pueden ser una solución para los desafíos políticos y gerenciales relacionados con la gestión de residuos sólidos y la prestación de otros servicios públicos. No obstante, aún no está claro que factores influyen en los gobiernos locales para adoptar esa estrategia. El estudio utilizo un enfoque transversal aplicado a una muestra de 963 municipios y adopto la perspectiva de la acción colectiva institucional, identificando las características de la comunidad, las características transaccionales de los bienes, y la estructura de las redes de políticas públicas, que influyen en la toma de decisiones de los gobiernos locales para cooperar. Los resultados tienen implicaciones en las políticas públicas que adoptan acuerdos de cooperación intermunicipales en Brasil. ; Este artigo analisa os fatores que influenciam os municípios em sua tomada de decisão sobre a prestação de serviços públicos de resíduos por meio de consórcios. Vários estudos abordaram essa questão pesquisando países ocidentais e desenvolvidos, mas há uma lacuna na literatura que explora o fenômeno em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Este estudo, portanto, seleciona os governos locais no Brasil e analisa sua política de coleta e tratamento de resíduos, com foco na prestação de serviços públicos por meio de acordos cooperativos, particularmente consórcios intermunicipais. Os consórcios intermunicipais podem ser uma solução para os desafios políticos e gerenciais em torno do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e da prestação de outros serviços públicos. No entanto, ainda não está claro quais fatores influenciam os governos locais a adotar essa estratégia. O estudo utilizou uma abordagem transversal aplicada a uma amostra de 963 municípios e adotou a perspectiva da Ação Coletiva Institucional, identificando as características da comunidade, as características transacionais dos bens, e a estrutura das redes de política pública, que influenciam a tomada de decisão dos governos locais para cooperar. Os resultados têm implicações nas políticas públicas que adotam acordos de cooperação intermunicipais no Brasil.

This article analyzes the influence of macroeconomic variables on the stock market. The analysis of this theme is crucial in the current economic context given the severe crisis and the continued growth of the stock market. This article covers an existing research gap about current stock market movements. The Geneneralized Least Squares Method with Prais-Winsten transformation was applied to correct the first-order autoregressive problem. The results show that the macroeconomic variables continue to influence Ibovespa, as stated in the literature. However, the central government's financial stability variable has no explanatory power over the Brazilian stock market index, corroborating the literature and converging with the empirical observations from 2016 to 2019 of fiscal imbalance and growth of the Ibovespa. ; Este trabalho analisa a influência das variáveis macroeconômicas sobre o mercado acionário. Trata-se de uma temática importante a ser examinada no atual contexto econômico, que se destaca pela grave crise e pelo contínuo crescimento do mercado acionário. Dessa forma, cobre-se uma lacuna de pesquisa existente sobre os atuais movimentos do mercado acionário. Para alcançar esses objetivos foi aplicado o método dos mínimos quadrados generalizados com correção de prais-winsten, que visa a corrigir o problema autorregressivo de primeira ordem. Os resultados mostram que as variáveis macroeconômicas continuam exercendo influência sobre o Ibovespa, conforme preconiza a literatura. No entanto, a variável de estabilidade financeira do governo central não possui poder explicativo sobre o índice do mercado acionário nacional, estando de acordo com outros autores e convergindo com as observações empíricas presenciadas de 2016 a 2019, de desequilíbrio fiscal e crescimento do Ibovespa.

There has been fierce debate on the race issue in Brazil in recent years. This is due to factors such as the achievements accumulated by the black movements since the beginning of the 20th century, the contributions of engaged social scientists, the results of socio-economic research undertaken by government agencies and civil society entities, the emergence of a new generation of black intellectuals and researchers and of a new wave of activism led by black bloggers and anti-racist white people, which has achieved great capillarity given the rhizomatic character of social networks. The field Management Science (I would prefer Management Science) has forgotten this topic that dates back to the origins of Sociology and Anthropology, at the end of the 19th century. The following are references curated by Professor Pedro Jaime to help overcome this gap. ; O debate sobre a questão racial tem se acirrado no Brasil nos últimos anos. Isso se deve, entre outros fatores, às conquistas acumuladas pelos movimentos negros desde o início do século XX, às contribuições de cientistas sociais engajados(as), aos resultados de pesquisas socioeconômicas empreendidas por órgãos governamentais e por entidades da sociedade civil, à emergência de uma nova geração de intelectuais e pesquisadores(as)negros(as) e de uma nova onda de ativismo encampada por blogueiros(as) negros(as) e por pessoas brancas antirracistas, que alcançou grande capilaridade, dado o caráter rizomático das redes sociais. Este tema, que remonta à origem da Sociologia e da Antropologia entre nós, ainda no final do século XIX, foi, durante muito tempo, esquecido pelo campo da Administração. Seguem referências para ajudar na superação dessa lacuna, indicadas pelo professor.

This study sought to identify the main drivers of and barriers to attracting capital market investments to the infrastructure sector in Brazil. The research findings indicate that the incentives vary according to the type of investor. Individual investors are strongly attracted by the tax exemption provided for in Statute 1,2431/2011 to purchase incentivized debentures, and, today, they represent one of the main investors in infrastructure in the country. On the other hand, domestic pension funds have no incentives based on this piece of legislation (their investments are exempt from income tax). For these pension funds, the spread paid by the issuers of incentivized debentures is low. Foreign investors consider the investment environment in the country to be unfavorable due to factors such as high exchange rate volatility and political instability. Therefore, broader institutional reforms are needed to fill the gap in infrastructure investments and attract long-term investors. Green certification of infrastructure projects represents another interesting strategy for attracting investments, especially foreign investors. ; Este estudio buscó identificar las principales motivaciones y barreras para atraer inversiones del mercado de capitales al sector de infraestructura en Brasil. Entre los resultados de la investigación se encontró que los incentivos varían según el tipo de inversionista. Los inversionistas individuales son fuertemente atraídos por la exención de impuestos prevista en la Ley nº 12.431/2011 para la compra de debentures incentivados y hoy representan uno de los principales inversionistas en infraestructura del país. Los fondos de pensiones nacionales, por su parte, no están incentivados por la exención de la ley (sus inversiones están exentas del Impuesto a la Renta) y consideran bajo el margen pagado por los emisores de debentures incentivados. Los inversionistas extranjeros consideran que el ambiente de inversión en el país es desfavorable, debido a factores como la alta volatilidad del tipo de ...

From historical studies on the subject of Mathematics in secondary education, a gap was found concerning the discipline in industrial education. The purpose of the article is to compare mathematics in the technical courses of the National Technical School with the discipline of the high school at the time. To carry out the investigation, the comparative history and history of school subjects were used. The research sources were Mathematics programs, legislation and textbooks. We can conclude that, among the similarities, we have the way of teaching and the nomenclature of some of the contents, and among the differences, the distribution of the discipline, the workload, the purposes and the textbooks. ; A partir de estudios históricos sobre el tema de las matemáticas en la educación secundaria, se encontró una brecha en relación con la disciplina en la educación industrial. El propósito del artículo es comparar la matemática en los cursos técnicos de la Escuela Técnica Nacional con la disciplina del 2º ciclo de educación secundaria en ese momento. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, se utilizó la historia comparativa y la historia de las asignaturas escolares. Las fuentes de investigación fueron programas de matemáticas, legislación y libros de texto. Podemos concluir que, entre las similitudes, tenemos la forma de enseñar y la nomenclatura de algunos de los contenidos, y entre las diferencias, la distribución de la disciplina, la carga de trabajo, los propósitos y los manuales. ; A partir de estudos históricos sobre a disciplina de Matemática no ensino secundário, verificou-se uma lacuna com relação à disciplina no ensino industrial. O objetivo do artigo é comparar matemática nos cursos técnicos da Escola Técnica Nacional com a disciplina do 2ºciclo do ensino secundário da época. Para realização da investigação, utilizou-se a história comparada e história das disciplinas escolares. As fontes de pesquisa foram os programas de Matemática, legislação e manuais didáticos. Podemos concluir que, entre as ...